http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/arthropods.asp International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Arthropods (ISSN 2224-4255); Publisher: International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences; Address: Unit 3, 6/F., Kam Hon Industrial Building, 8 Wang Kwun Road, Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong; Tel: 00852-2138 6086; Fax: 00852-3069 1955; E-mail: office@iaees.org RSS is a means of receiving content across the internet without having to visit websites directly. When you see the RSS tag on a web page, then you know that site offers an RSS feed. You may download a RSS reader (e.g., at http://www.iaees.org/tools/RSSOwl-java.zip). Install it on your computer and create a new folder, and then create a new feed with a RSS feed address, e.g., http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/piaees/rss.xml, then set something. Any update of RSS feed site will automatically reach your RSS reader. If you have subscribed an online journal by RSS, journal contents or articles will reach you once the latest issue is available or the latest article is published. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/online-version.asp International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Arthropods (ISSN 2224-4255) is an international journal devoted to the publication of articles on macro-aspects of arthropods, e.g., ecology, biogeography, systematics, conservation, control, etc. The journal provides a forum for examining the importance of arthropods in biosphere (both terrestrial and marine ecosystems) and human life in such fields as agriculture, forestry, fishery, environmental management and human health. The scope of Arthropods is wide and embraces all arthropods-insects, arachnids, crustaceans, centipedes, millipedes, and other arthropods. Research papers as well as short communications on arthropods are welcome. Authors can submit their works to the email box of this journal, arthropods@iaees.org. All manuscripts submitted to Arthropods must be previously unpublished and may not be considered for publication elsewhere at any time during review period of this journal. In addition to free submissions from authors around the world, special issues are also accepted. The organizer of a special issue can collect submissions (yielded from a research project, a research group, etc.) on a specific research topic, or submissions of a scientific conference for publication of special issue. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2012-1(1)/key-to-marine-arthropod-larvae.pdf John A. Fornshell.Arthropods,2012,1(1):1-12 The scope of this key is restricted to the larvae of marine arthropods. The key is based solely on their morphology, patterns of body segmentation, numbers of appendages, and mode of locomotion. An effort has been made to treat all traditionally named larval forms, both planktonic and benthic. It is intended that this key be useful for a researcher working with archived museum specimens and therefore, does not include habitat information as a identifying trait, even though this information is usually available in the archived records. Within the phylum Arthropoda there are two sub-phyla and eleven classes having larval stages in the marine environment. Where feasible the original names of the various larval types have been used. Because this nomenclature is less commonly used today compared to the past, the more recent taxonomic affinities are included in parentheses after the original larval name. The key includes the following thirty-four larvae: Branchhiopoda nauplii; Cephalocarida nauplii; Mystacocarida nauplii; trilobite larva; protonymphon; hexapod larvae; Remipedia nauplii; nauplius - Y larvae; Cirripedia nauplii; Ascothoracida nauplii; Ostracoda nauplii; Euphausiacea nauplii; Penaeidea nauplii; Cyclopoida nauplii; Calanoida nauplii; Harpacticoida nauplii; Polyarthra nauplii; cypris larva; eryonecius larva; cypris-Y larva; elapthocaris larvae; mysis larvae; lucifer zoea; acetes zoea; acanthosoma larva; phyllosoma; antizoea larva; anomuran zoea; brachyuran zoea; calyptopis larvae; furcilia larva; crytopia larva; puerulus larva; alima larva. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2012-1(1)/diversity-and-habitat-preference-of-brachyuran-crabs.pdf J. N. Trivedi, M. K. Gadhavi, K. D. Vachhrajani.Arthropods,2012,1(1):13-23 The biodiversity of Gulf of Kutch is studied well with special reference to scleretinia and mollusca but the brachyuran crab taxa are rather neglected. Gulf of Kutch is very rich in floral and faunal diversity and comprises different types of communities and habitats like very unique coral reefs, mangroves, sandy shores, rocky shores and mudflats. Brachyuran crabs are the most diverse group among marine fauna having 5000 species world wide. Some studies on the intertidal fauna, including brachyuran crabs, have been carried out in Gulf of Kutch but the findings were not sufficient to draw out taxonomic diversity. Present work on Gulf of Kutch is an initiative to scan the entire coastal Gujarat and establish directory of brachyuran crab diversity. Since the Gulf habitat is diverse and distinct, eight different stations (16 sample sites) were sampled. The selection of the sample site was done on the basis of habitat type which included mangrove mudflats, open mudflats and rocky shores. A total of 19 species belonging to 8 families and 15 genera were recorded. Open mud flats were most preferred by the crabs followed by the mangrove mud flats and rocky shore. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2012-1(1)/effects-of-irradiation-on-the-cowpea-weevil.pdf.pdf B. Darfour, F.C.K. Ocloo, D.D. Wilson.Arthropods,2012,1(1):24-34 Cowpeas during storage may be attacked by a number of biological agents (microorganisms, rodents, and insects) which results in losses in the quality and quantity of the stored seeds. One of the means of reducing these losses is through the application of radiation processing. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of gamma irradiation on a major storage insect pest, Callosobruchus maculatus F. and on moisture sorption isotherms of cowpea seeds in storage. The cowpeas were infested with adults C. maculatus and then irradiated at doses of 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5 (kGy) at a dose rate of 1.074 kGyhr-1. Samples were stored for 1 month under controlled temperature (27.3-30 oC) and humidity (70-85 %) during which counting of the insects was done every 48 hours and those alive or dead noted. Moisture sorption isotherms of the cowpea samples were equally determined by establishing equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) of 55, 65, 75, 85 and 95 % using a formulation of glycerol-water mixture at temperature of 30 +-1 and the weight (loss or gain) of the samples was determined every 2 days. Irradiation at a dose of 0.25 kGy killed the C. maculatus within eight days and therefore 0.25 kGy would be economically beneficial as a control dose. There was significant difference (p is less than 0.05) in the percent mortality between the irradiated and the non-irradiated weevils, and the percent mortality increased with increase in the radiation dose. At moisture content of 14 % the irradiated cowpea samples were safely stored for one month at an equilibrium relative humidity of 60-75 % at a temperature of 29+-2 oC. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2012-1(1)/checklist-of-spider-fauna-of-FR-Peshawar.pdf F. Perveen, A. Jamal.Arthropods,2012,1(1):35-39 The spiders are known as poisonous arthropods, but they also act as the predator or biological pests control agent. Their 23 species belonging to 15 genera and 09 families were reported during 2009-2010 from FR Peshawar, FATA, Pakistan. The reported families Clubionidae, Scytodidae and Sprassidae covered each 4%, Araneidae, Gnaphosidae, Pholicidae and Salticidae each 9%, Thomisidae 13% and Lycosidae 43% biodiversity of spiders of FATA. However, the largest spider collected was huntsman, Isopoda tuhodnigra (Barrion) with total body length 15.80+-0.83 mm. Moreover, the smallest spider was wolf spider, Pardosa birmanica (Simon) with total body length 4.20+-1.30 mm. Further, the crab spiders, Thomisus pugilis (Stoliczka), T. spectabilis (Doleschall) and Diaea evanida (Thorell) were the most colorful species belonging to family Thomisidae. A detail study is required for further exploration of spider fauna of FATA. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2012-1(2)/changes-in-population-structure-and-body-dimensions.pdf M.R. Warburg, Dana Davidson, Hadas Yifrach, Liraz Sayag, Yelena Tichomirova.Arthropods,2012,1(2):40-54 Two xanthid crab species were studied during 29 months over a period of 14 years between 1986 and 1999 all in exactly the same boulder shore. One of the crab species studied was the xanthid, Eriphia verrucosa (Forskall, 1775) with 60 specimens, the other species, Xantho poressa (Olivi, 1792), with 155 specimens. A significant change in numbers of both males and females of E. verrucosa was noticeable between 1986 and 1996 with a marked drop in numbers between these years. In 1997 male numbers increased again to almost their previous numbers in the population during 1986. The population of X. poressa declined significantly towards the end of the study period. Numbers of both genders peaked in spring and again, in summer. There was generally a decline in numbers of both crab species during autumn and winter. Thus, the average capture during the seasons was highest in spring for males of both E. verrucosa, and X. poressa. The body dimensions: mass, carapace length (CL) and width (CW) were measured in both xanthids. The aim of this long-term study was to determine whether temporal changes in the population structure and allometric changes in the dimensions of these crabs took place. Only such long-term observations could reveal these changes in population. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2012-1(2)/population-structure-and-dynamics-of-the-cassava-green-mite.pdf Evila C. Costa, Adenir V. Teodoro, Adriano S. Rego, Anilde G.S. Maciel, Renato A. Sarmento.Arthropods,2012,1(2):55-62 Population structure and dynamics of the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa and the predator Euseius ho (Acari: Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae). Cassava is attacked by several pests, among which the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa. Predatory mites of the family Phytoseiidae are major natural enemies of pest mites and are naturally found inhabiting cassava plants in the field. We evaluated the temporal variation of the developmental stages of M. tanajoa and the most abundant predatory mite in cassava fields in the study region, the phytoseiid Euseius ho. Densities of all developmental stages of M. tanajoa were low during the rainy season, increasing over the cultivation cycle of cassava and peaking in the dry season. Overall, the larval stage of M. tanajoa presented the lowest densities throughout time. Densities of all developmental stages of E. ho were low and remained constant throughout the cultivation cycle of cassava. The number of eggs, nymphs and adults of M. tanajoa was higher in comparison to the larval stage whereas there were no differences in densities of the stages of E. ho. Densities of all developmental stages of M. tanajoa were negatively correlated with precipitation. Densities of the stages of egg, nymph and adult of M. tanajoa were positively related while the stage of larva was negatively related to temperature. We conclude that it is important to consider the population structure in studies of population dynamics of arthropods as each developmental stage experiences and responds uniquely to the local environment over time. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2012-1(2)/effects-of-the-host-and-parasitoid-densities.pdf Farzana Perveen, Rizwana Sultan.Arthropods,2012,1(2):63-72 The present study was conducted for efficient and quality production of the stingless wasp, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii with respect to rearing host and parasitoid densities of the angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cereallela (Olivier) and the rice meal moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) on its biology. For host density, percentage parasitism and adult longevity was the highest at 20 eggs whereas emergence was the highest from 10 eggs of S. cereallela while of C. cephalonica percentage parasitism and emergence was the highest at 10 eggs. For parasitoid density, parasitism was the highest at 5 pairs of T. chilonis. Percentage of emergence and longevity remained similar among all the 5 treatments. It is concluded that S. cereallela eggs more suitable as compare to C. cephalonica eggs for mass and quality rearing of parasitoid, T. chilonis. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2012-1(2)/occurrence-of-sea-spider.pdf S. Satheesh, S. G. Wesley.Arthropods,2012,1(2):73-78 Sea spiders (Pycnogonids) are exclusively marine arthropods with worldwide distribution. Pycnogonida remains one of the poorly investigated groups encountered in fouling communities. In the present study, distribution pycnogonid species Endeis mollis associated with the fouling community developed on test panels submerged at Kudankulam coast, Gulf of Mannar was studied for a period of two years. Throughout the period of investigation, Endeis mollis was observed on the test panels. A maximum of 55 individuals per square dm was observed during pre-monsoon season and a minimum of 9 individuals per square dm during monsoon season. Results of this study on seasonal distribution are of considerable interest because so little has been documented on the ecology of Pycnogonids in India. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2012-1(3)/reviewing-the-structure-and-function-of-the-scorpion.pdf M.R. Warburg.Arthropods,2012,1(3):79-93 During a long-terms study of scorpions, it was possible to follow changes taking place in the mass, water and lipid content of the hepatopancreas in freshly caught Scorpio maurus fuscus. Cyclic events in the female's reproductive state were shown to be affected by the hepatopancreas. There was a high variability among scorpions in the concentrations of metals in the hepatopancreas. The significance of the hepatopancreas in the scorpion, as a multifunctional organ for both storage and filtering constituents, is reviewed and discussed, and various future avenues of research are outlined. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2012-1(3)/effect-of-male-densities-on-sex-ratio-variations.pdf Seyed Mohammad Tabadkani, Hossein Allahyari, Farhad Farhoudi, Vahid Rahimi-Alangi, Seyed Ramin Mirkhalilzadeh.Arthropods,2012,1(3):94-100 Monogeny, the production of unisexual broods by individual females, is a well-known characteristic in several species of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Theoretical models have proposed that monogeny may provide a system by which the arrhenogenic/thelygenic females can optionally raise or lower the number of their male/female eggs in response to changes in environmental conditions. In polygynous species, where the males mate with several females, a sex ratio bias toward females is expected to occur when environmental conditions such as food and temperature are suitable. In this paper, first, we evaluated the occurrence and intensity of monogeny in native populations of the polygynous predatory gall midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza. Then, we examined the sex ratio variations in relation to different densities of males in the populations. Two proportions of male gall midges (5 and 12 unmated males vs. 10 virgin females) were obtained in plastic cages and the sex ratio of progenies was determined in each density. There was no difference between sex ratio of progenies when the females were exposed to high or low densities of males. Apparently, females cannot regulate the number of female-producing and/or male-producing progenies in response to male densities. Our results incline us to think about other benefits that may have been achieved through transition to monogeny. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2012-1(3)/pictorial-keys-for-predominant-bactrocera-and-dacus.pdf C. S. Prabhakar, Pankaj Sood, P. K. Mehta.Arthropods,2012,1(3):101-111 A pictorial key for 13 species of fruit flies under 2 genera namely Bactrocera and Dacus of subfamily Dacinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) is presented in this paper based on actual photographs of fruit flies collected from north western Himalaya of India during 2009-2010. Among these, Bactrocera diversa (Coquillett), Bactrocera scutellaris (Bezzi), Bactrocera tau (Walker), Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), Bactrocera zonata (Saunders), Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi), Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) and Dacus ciliatus Loew are the pests of agricultural and horticultural ecosystems. Bactrocera latifrons, Bactrocera nigrofemoralis White and Tsuruta, Dacus longicornis Wiedemann and Dacus sphaeroidalis (Bezzi) are the new records from the region of which host range has yet to be investigated. The pictorial keys developed for these species will help the researchers for their easy and accurate identification. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2012-1(3)/checklist-of-butterfly-fauna-of-Kohat.pdf Farzana Perveen, Ayaz Ahmad.Arthropods,2012,1(3):112-117 The butterflies play dual role, firstly as the pollinator, carries pollen from one flower to another and secondly their larvae act as the pest, injurious to various crops. Their 21 species were identified belonging to 3 different families from Kohat, Pakistan during September-December 2008. The reported families Namphalidae covered 33%, Papilionidae 10%, and Pieridae 57% biodiversity of butterflies of Kohat. In Namphalidae included: species belonging to subfamily Nymphalinae, Indian fritillary, Argynnis hyperbius Linnaeus; common castor, Ariadne merione (Cramer); painted lady, Cynthia cardui (Linnaeus); peacock pansy, Junonia almanac Linnaeus; blue pansy, J. orithya Linnaeus; common leopard, Phalantha phalantha (Drury); species belonging to subfamily Satyrinae, white edged rock brown, Hipparchia parisatis (Kollar). In Papilionidae included: subfamily Papilioninae, lime butterfly, Papilio demoleus Linnaeus and common mormon, Pa. polytes Linnaeus. In Pieridae included: subfamily Coliaclinae, dark clouded yellow, Colias croceus (Geoffroy); subfamily Coliadinae, lemon emigrant, Catopsilia pomona Fabricius; little orange tip, C. etrida Boisduval; blue spot arab, Colotis protractus Butler; common grass yellow, Eumera hecab (Linnaeus); common brimstone, Gonepteryx rhamni (Linnaeus); yellow orange tip, Ixias pyrene Linnaeus; subfamily Pierinae, pioneer white butterfly, Belenoi aurota Bingham; Murree green-veined white, Pieris ajaka Moore; large cabbage white, P. brassicae Linnaeus; green-veined white, P. napi (Linnaeus); small cabbage white, P. rapae Linnaeus. The wingspan of collected butterflies, minimum was 25 mm of C. etrida which was the smallest butterfly, however, maximum was 100 mm of P. demoleus and P. polytes which were the largest butterflies. A detail study is required for further exploration of butterflies' fauna of Kohat. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2012-1(3)/checklist-of-the-freshwater-decapod-crustaceans.pdf Tahir Ozcan, Gulnaz Ozcan, Halil Erdogan.Arthropods,2012,1(3):118-120 The present paper provided an annoted list of decapod crustacean fauna of Orontes River, mainly based on previous study works. It included 6 species (3 Natantia, 3 Brachyura) belonging 3 families. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2012-1(4)/larvae-of-the-pycnogonids-ammothea-gigantea.pdf John A. Fornshell, Frank D. Ferrari.Arthropods,2012,1(4):121-128 The larvae of two species of Pycnogonida are described from archived collections. Achelia cuneatis Child, 1999 is an example of a typical protonymphon larva in having three pairs of three segmented appendages, cheliphores, palps and ovigerous appendages. Ammothea gigantea Gordon, 1932 is an example of a lecithotrophic protonymphon larva, having the three pair of appendages plus buds of the first walking legs. Ammothea gigantea is the third species known to have this larval type. The Achelia cuneatis protonymphon larvae is oval, 150 um long and characterized by a relatively long spinneret spine arising at the distal end of the first segment of each cheliphore. Spines also arise from the distal end of the first segment of the second and third limbs. This typical protonymphon larva of Achelia cuneatis has few yolk granules. The lecithotrophic protonymphon of Ammothea gigantea lacks a spinneret spine on the cheliphore; the larva is oval in shape, but much larger than Achelia cuneatis with a length of 700 um. Its second limb is much larger than the third limb on the first post-embryonic stage, and the third limb is further reduced to a spine-like structure on the second post-embryonic stage. This lecithotrophic protonymphon larva has a large number of yolk granules. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2012-1(4)/new-record-of-color-morphs-of-brachyuran-crab-charybdis-annulata.pdf J. N. Trivedi, K. D. Vachhrajani.Arthropods,2012,1(4):129-135 Charybdis annulata (Fabricius, 1798) is a common portunid crab species found on rocky shore habitat. It mostly prefers coral reef and algal assemblage area as living and foraging habitats. During the study on brachyuran crab diversity of Saurashtra coast, Gujarat, India, we came across the presence of color polymorphism in the species. Total 62 specimens were collected from the field and two color morphs- orange morph and brown morph were identified. The differences in the morphological characteristic were recorded properly on the basis of detail observation of both the morphs. The orange morph shows specific micro habitat preference while the brown morph utilizes wide range of micro habitats. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2012-1(4)/brachyuran-crabs-diversity-in-mudasal-odai-and-nagapattinam-coast.pdf Kollimalai Sakthivel, Antony Fernando.Arthropods,2012,1(4):136-143 The brachyuran crabs diversity studied from Mudasal Odai (Lat.11*29'N; Long.79*46'E) and Nagapattinam (Lat.10*46'N; Long.79*59'E) coast of Tamil Nadu, south east India. We recorded 34 species, 15 genera and 7 families in Mudasal Odai and 31 species, 15 genera and 7 families in Nagapattinam coast. The most diverse families are Portunidae (17 species in Mudasal Odai, 15 species in Nagapattinam), and Leucosiidae (5 species in Mudasal Odai, 4 species in Nagapattinam). Out of 15 genera, Charybdis has more number of species (12 species in Mudasal Odai, 9 species in Nagapattinam). Both species (Philyra globosa, Charybdis hoplites) in two coasts, four species (Philyra scabriuscula, Charybdis edwardsi, Charybdis natator, Charybdis variegata) in Mudasal Odai coast and one species (Portunus spinipes) in Nagapattinam coast are dominant. Four species (Charybdis granulata, Charybdis lucifera, Podophthalmus vigil, Portunus spinipes) in Mudasal Odai and two species (Philyra scabriuscula, Portunus gracilimanus) in Nagapattinam are abundant. Three species in two coast, ten species in Mudasal Odai and nine species in Nagapattinam coast are co-abundant. There are nine species in both coasts, fourteen species in Mudasal Odai and seventeen species in Nagapattinam coast are present status. Among the 38 species, four was absent in Mudasal Odai and seven in Nagapattinam coast. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2012-1(4)/role-of-temperature-and-hosts-sitotroga-cereallela-and-corcyra-cephalonica.pdf Farzana Perveen, Rizwana Sultan, Ehsan Ul-Haque.Arthropods,2012,1(4):144-150 The present study was conducted for efficient and quality production of the stingless wasp, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii with respect to rearing temperature and host egg age of the angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cereallela (Olivier) and the rice meal moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) on its biology. Maximum parasitism was observed 95.7 and 84.3% at 28 C degree, while minimum parasitism was 61.3 and 39.6% at 32 C degree on S. cereallela and C. cephalonica eggs, respectively. The most favorable temperature was 28 oC on which maximum parasitism and adult emergence were obtained from S. cereallela eggs. Maximum parasitism was observed 97.4 and 79.4% in 2 h old, while minimum parasitism was 24.6 and 17.3% in 72 h old eggs of S. cereallela and C. cephalonica eggs, respectively. Parasitism by T. chilonis decreased with increasing host eggs age. Maximum adult T. chilonis emergence was 98.2% in 2 h old eggs, while minimum emergence was 21.5% on 72 h old eggs of S. cereallela. Adult T. chilonis longevity on the host eggs of different ages of female wasp was non-significantly different to each other except the 2 and 12 h old eggs which were significantly different from rest of the treatments in both hosts' eggs of different ages. Maximum female longevity was 4.0 d on 2 h fresh eggs C. cephalonica, while minimum was 3.0 d on 24-48 h old S. cereallela eggs. The female ratio for different host eggs age was almost non-significant to each other except 2 h old eggs with maximum number of female (64). The results showed that T. chilonis preferred young eggs when offered older eggs, simultaneously. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(1)/first-record-of-Megaselia-scalaris.pdf N. Mongiardino Koch, P. Fontanarrosa, J. Padr? I. M. Soto.Arthropods,2013,2(1):1-6 We report the first record of Megaselia scalaris (Loew) infesting laboratory stocks of the praying mantis (Parastagmatoptera tessellata, Saussure). M. scalaris, the scuttle fly, is a cosmopolitan species with a broad niche as it performs as detritivore, facultative parasite, and parasitoid. M. scalaris larvae were found feeding inside adult mantids and, when development was completed, pupae were found inside the abdominal cavity and around the body. We discuss the presence of colonies of crickets bred as prey for the mantids as a facilitator of M. scalaris infestation. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(1)/scaling-distribution-in-scorpions.pdf Michael R. Warburg.Arthropods,2013,2(1):7-19 Scorpions being solitary animals are interesting in their distribution patterns. Nevertheless, the subject of scorpion distribution has received relatively less attention than other ecological aspects of that group. It is a matter that changes continuously and moreover it is hard to define. Three different scales in distribution are introduced here: (1) Mini-distribution which describes the presence of scorpions under a single shelter or in a burrow, within a single habitat, (2) micro-distribution describing the distribution within a single habitat, and (3) macro-distribution within different habitats. Most research in scorpion distribution concentrated on the first aspect the mini-distribution. The subject is reviewed in scorpions and discussed. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(1)/exotic-crustaceans-of-the-Turkish-coast.pdf A. Suat Ates, Tuncer Katagan, Murat Sezgin, Tahir Ozcan.Arthropods,2013,2(1):20-25 A total of 50 exotic species (19 Brachyura, 19 Natantia, 2 Stomatopoda ,6 Amphipoda, 1 Cumacea, 2 Isopoda, and 1 Cirripedia) of crustaceans are reported from the Turkish coast. Exotic crustaceans of the Turkish Seas comprises of approximately 48% of the fauna constituted by invasive species, introduced from the Levantine basin of the Mediterranean. About 34% of invasive crustaceans found on the Turkish coast are Indo-west Pacific origin. Decapods constitute majority of the species with a dominance of 38%. Lowest dominace (2%) was related to orders, Cumacea and Cirripedia a being that were represented by single species. When Levantine basin was compared to the Turkey coast, the shrimp species reported on the Turkish coast were 70% of the shrimp species of all Levantine basin. The exotic migrant crab of Indo-West Pacific, Charybdis helleri was found abundant on the entire Turkish coast of the Mediterranean. Brachyuran crab, Eurycarcinus integrifrons and the oisk shrimp, Palaemonella rotumana are the latest records of exotics for the Turkish Seas. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(1)/the-global-science-of-crab-biodiversity.pdf D. Varadharajan, P. Soundarapandian, N. Pushparajan.Arthropods,2013,2(1):26-35 The marine organisms play an important role in biodiversity research. It is one of the basis of aquaculture and also the foundation of ecosystem services. Marine biodiversity data is urgently required, since the global warming is changing the distribution and diversity of many species. Marine environment provide habitats for a wide variety of organisms, it is also supplies many kinds of habitats that support marine life. Habitat loss, overharvesting has had the greatest effect on biodiversity. Suppose to starting hatchery and culture them in ponds knowledge about diversity is essential. Hence, the present study is aimed to know the biodiversity of crabs from Puducherry coastal environment. Totally 47 individual crab species were recorded belonging to 15 families. Maximum crab species were recorded belonging to the family Portunidae than others families. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(1)/transmission-effect-of-entomopathogenic-fungi.pdf Yayan Sanjaya, Virginia R. Ocampo, Barbara L. Caoili.Arthropods,2013,2(1):36-41 Transmission Effect of Beuaveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae on population of Tetranychus kanzawai was conducted .There were two activities, first by leaf contamination and secondly transmission from infected mite to a group population and were analyzed by probit wi resul LT50. The results showed that Fungal transmission occurs when there is contact with an infected cadaver or any residue left behind on the substrate. All healthy mites placed in contact with infected mites were infected at the end of the trial and covered with the fungus. The LT50 values for T. kanzawai mites, ranged from 2.865 to 4.150 days. All healthy mites placed onto leaf surface contaminated with entomopathogenic fungi through spraying also exhibited fungal infection at the end of the trial. LT50 values of the fungus isolates are summarized in Table 8. Three fungal species were found to have potentials within the value range of 2.223 - 4.206 days. The lowest LT50 value was found in M. anisopliae 6 (2.223 days) while others were not significantly different. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(1)/a-contribution-to-a-knowledge-of-the-freshwater-decapods.pdf Tahir Ozcan, Halil Erdogan, Gulnaz Ozcan.Arthropods,2013,2(1):42-44 This study provides occurrence data of freshwater decapod species collected from 2011 to 2012. The species were collected 143 samples from 11 sampling locations in the Hatay region, Turkey (Orontes river and catchment; main channel, side branches, streams, and adjacent wetlands). The collected species belong to 3 families and 4 species were identified. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(2)/gastropod-shell-species-utilized-by-hermit-crabs.pdf Tahir Ozcan, Bilal Ozturk, Tuncer Katagan, Banu Bitlis.Arthropods,2013,2(2):45-52 The present study aimed to describe the gastropod shell species utilized by hermit crabs (Decapoda: Anomura) collected during investigations of the decapod fauna of the Levantine Sea coast of Turkey. Specimens were collected from July 2005 to October 2005. A total of 715 individuals belonging to 9 hermit crab species occupying 47 gastropod shell species were collected. The hermit crabs, Diogenes pugilator (Roux, 1829) and Cestopagurus timidus (Roux, 1830) had the highest inhabitation frequency (IF), inhabiting 23.92% and 23.78% of all the samples collected respectively. The nine hermit crab species captured utilizing shells from forty-seven gastropods species. Cerithium scabridum Philippi, 1849 (100%) was the most commonly utilized shell by all hermit crabs. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(2)/biodiversity-of-cultivable-molluscan-resources.pdf D. Mohan, V. Elumalai, G. Subbulakshmi, S. Jayalakshmi, M. Srinivasan.Arthropods,2013,2(2):53-65 The molluscs constitute a natural resource of sizable magnitude in parts of the world. The range of their distribution is extensive in space as in time for it covers terrestrial, marine and freshwater habitats In Bar mouth, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index ranged from 2.15 to 2.45 showing minimum during October and maximum during May. The Shannon-Wiener index in Karimanal ranged from 2.26 to 2.40 showing minimum during October and maximum during May. The Shannon-Wiener index in Pulicat town ranged from 2.25 to 2.39 showing minimum during October and maximum during September. Among the study areas, Bar mouth showed maximum diversity in Pulicat lake. Now there was no active culture practiced in lake as far as the Molluscan culture is concern, apart from commercial liming. More studies are needed for conservation and management of this valuable resource. If this ancient heritage of the Pulicat wetland has to be preserved for posterity and its rich biodiversity conserved, this Pulicat Lake must be recognized as a 'Ramsar Site', for international protection, as early as possible. Early detection and rapid response of habitat loss and alteration could prevent the loss of biodiversity. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(2)/most-common-insect-pollinator-species-on-sesame-crop.pdf S.M. Kamel, A.H. Blal, H.M. Mahfouz, M. Said.Arthropods,2013,2(2):66-74 A survey of insect pollinators associated with sesame, Sesamun indicum L. (Pedaliaceae) was conducted at the Agriculture Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Suez Canal during the growing seasons of 2011 and 2012. All different insect pollinators which found on the experimental site were collected for identification. Sampling was done once a week and three times a day. Three methods were used to collect and identify insects from the sesame plants (a sweep net, pitfall traps, digital camera and eye observation). A total of 29 insect species were collected and properly identified during the survey. Insect pollinators which recorded on the plants were divided into four groups, 18 belonged to Hymenoptera, 7 to Diptera, 3 to Lepidoptera and one to Coleoptera. Results revealed that Honybee, Apis mellifera was the most dominant species in the 2011 season and the second one in the 2012 season. Whereas small carpenter bee, Ceratina tarsata was the most dominant species in the 2012 season and the second one in the 2011 season. The percentage of Hymenoptera was higher in the two studied seasons by 90.94% and 89.59%, followed by Diptera by 3.93% and 5.38%, then Lepidoptera by 3.58% and 3.62, and in the last Coleoptera by 1.53% and 1.39%, respectively. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(2)/recurrence-of-a-marine-brachyuran-crab-Parapanope-euagora.pdf C. Viswanathan, T.V. Suresh, V. Elumalai, M. Pravinkumar, S. M. Raffi.Arthropods,2013,2(2):75-79 Study on the occurrence and distribution of unusual crab species is a matter of fascination for carcinalogists. The present study reports the recurrence of a marine brachyuran crab species Parapanope euagora, of the family Galenidae, after a long period along the East coast of India. During a routine survey, three female ovigerous specimens are caught from Parangipettai coastal waters, southeast coast of India. From the results, after more than ten decades, the species, Parapanope euagora has reappeared in Indian coast revealing its possible, continued existence in Indian waters. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(2)/newly-emerged-unmated-queens-of-honey-bee.pdf S.M. Kamel, M.A.M. Osman, M.F. Mahmoud, K.M. Mohamed, S.M. Abd Allah.Arthropods,2013,2(2):80-88 Recently, morphometric analysis is being a very good tool for identification of honey bee races and characterization of genetic materials. This fact has motivated the present work to investigate the effects of two grafting methods, three types of artificial queen wax cups and four periods of queen rearing on some morphological characters of newly emerged queens. The developed technique used in the present study depends on the integration between Scanner unit and Photoshop program, called Scan Photo Method (SPM). The measurements of 23 morphological characteristics of reared queens were estimated by using SPM. Results indicated significant differences between periods in the measurements of the studied characteristics on forewing such as cubital index, distance C, distance D, radial field, inner wing length, inner wing width, dumb bell index, distance I, II, III and IV, except cubital A and cubital B. Regarding the effects of cup types and grafting methods, data also revealed significant differences in all measurements of studied characteristics, except tibial length, hind wing length, cubital B, radial field and distance IV. Further works in this area were recommended to find out a relation between some morphometric characters and important of some quantitative characters. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(2)/crustacean-fauna-of-a-mussel-cultivated-raft-system.pdf Murat Sezgin, Eylem Aydemir Cil.Arthropods,2013,2(2):89-94 The aim of the current study was to make a faunistic analysis of the crustaceans associated with cultivated mussels grown on ropes. Mussel samples from 30 cm ropes were collected from rope-grown mussel beds by hand. The crustacean fauna associated with mussel population were quantified. The density of crustacean fauna associated with mussels was significantly greater within rope-grown mussel assemblages than on other biotopes around. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(3)/locomotory-rhythmic-activity-in-scorpions.pdf Michael R. Warburg.Arthropods,2013,2(3):95-104 Locomotory rhythmic behavior is entrained by the change between photophase and skotophase and to some extent by thermal conditions. In many species studied most activity takes place during early night hours. Some species show completely a nocturnal activity pattern, whereas a few species are entirely diurnal. There does not appear to be a pattern related to the timing and extent of the photophase. Except perhaps for Leiurus quinquestriatus (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1829) which appears to be less active at the highest temperature. This subject was studied in 30 species of scorpions most of them buthids (53.3%), that were studied so far in 42 different studies. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(3)/two-records-of-macrophthalmus-desmarest-1823.pdf Amaal Gh. Yasser, Ibtisam M. AbdulSahib, Murtada D. Naser, Khalid Kh. S. Al-Khafaji, Haider Sh. Darweesh.Arthropods,2013,2(3):105-110 Specimens of two crabs Macrophthalmus dentipes Lucas, 1836 and Macrophthalmus laevis A. Milne-Edwards, 1867 were collected from the intertidal zone of the lower reaches of Shatt Al-Arab at Fao region, Basrah, Iraq, 2012. A note on the morphological features of these two species and a photograph is provided to confirm the identification of the crabs. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(3)/reproductive-characteristics-of-brachyuran-crab-grapsus-tenuicrustatus.pdf Michael A. Clores, Gliceria B. Ramos.Arthropods,2013,2(3):111-125 The study determined some reproductive characteristics of a brachyuran crab, Grapsus tenuicrustatus (Herbst, 1783), one among the most widespread and diverse groups of invertebrates. Results revealed that there were more males (52.94%) than females (47.06%) collected at the study sites with a sex ratio of 1:1.13. Thirty percent (30%) of the samples were ovigerous females. Ovigerous females have the largest caraface length, CL, (31.25 +- 1.43) compared with the males (22.14 +- 0.726) and non-ovigerous females (26.63 +- 1.12). Based on one-way ANOVA, the differences were significant. Difference between non-ovigerous and ovigerous females was also found significant based on t-test for independent samples. There was a non-conspicuous bi-modal size distribution for all the crabs, with non-normal distributions for all crabs and for males, but not when all females or ovigerous females only were grouped together. The size-frequency distributions of males and females are significantly different from each other similar with that observed between the size-frequency of ovigerous and non-ovigerous females. There were more ovigerous crabs belonging to the first year age class (CL = 16 - 33) (53.13 %) than those that belong to the older class (CL = 34 - 43) (46.88 %). Fecundity ranged from 4400 (CL = 16 mm) to 26400 (CL = 43 mm) eggs. Egg volume ranged from 0.40 ml to 2.40 ml, egg diameter from 1.1 um to 5.0 um with an average diameter of 3.170 um and egg count from 4400 to 26400 with a mean of 12684 eggs. Egg number was positively correlated with female size. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(3)/biochemical-properties-of-digestive-carbohydrases-of-sugar-beet-weeil.pdf Seyed Mohammad Ahsaei, Vahid Hosseininaveh, Mahdieh Bigham.Arthropods,2013,2(3):126-136 The sugar beet weevil, Lixus incanescens B., is one of the most important pests of sugar beet plant in Iran. The petioles and leaves of sugar beet are attacked by larvae and adults of the sugar beet weevil. Chemical application is currently used for controlling the pest. Digestion in the alimentary canal of the sugar beet weevil is facilitated by some carbohydrases. Results of the in vitro studies indicated the presence of alpha-amylase, beta-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase in the digestive tract of the pest. Highest activities of alpha-amylase, beta-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase were at pH 5, pH 5 and pH 4, respectively. No significant alpha-glucosidase and alpha-galactosidase activity was detected in the pest's digestive system. Optimum temperatures for alpha-amylase, beta-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase activity were determined at 45, 50 and 40 oC, respectively. alpha-amylase was more stable under acidic condition (pH 4 to pH 6) than under highly acidic and alkaline condition. Na+ and K+ increased alpha-amylase activity, but sodium dodecyl sulfate significantly decreased amylase activity. Also, the activity of alpha-amylase was inhibited by the other compounds such as MgCl2, CaCl2 and EDTA. Zymogram analysis using native-PAGE revealed one band of alpha-amylase activity in Lixus incanescens. High activity of carbohydrases in the digestive system of adults was determined and further researches are needed to be applied to design new strategies for controlling the sugar beet weevil based on natural carbohydrase inhibitors. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(3)/induced-plant-resistance-of-sucking-insects-of-sesame-crop.pdf M. F. Mahmoud.Arthropods,2013,2(3):137-149 Sesame, Sesamum indicum L. is the most oil seed crop of the world and also a major oil seed crop of Egypt. One of the major constraints in its production the damage caused by insect pests, particularly sucking insects which suck the cell sap from leaves, flowers and capsules. Impact of three levels of potassin-F, salicylic acid and combination between them on reduction infestation of Stink bug Nezara viridula L., Mirid bug Creontiades sp., Green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Leafhopper Empoasca lybica de Berg and Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) of sesame crop cultivar Shandawil 3 was carried out during 2010-2011 crop season at Experimental farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. Also, the impacts of potassin-F and salicylic acid on yield production of sesame were studied. Results indicated that percent of reduction of infestation by N. viridula, M. persicae, Creontiades sp., E. lybicae, B. tabaci and phyllody disease were significantly higher at Level 2 (Potassin-F= 2.5 cm/l, Salicylic acid= 0.001 M and Potassin + Salicylic= 2.5 cm/l + 0.001 M) and consequently higher seed yield per plant were obtained. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(4)/circadian-rhythm-and-visual-elements-in-scorpions.pdf M. R. Warburg.Arthropods,2013,2(4):150-158 The purpose of this paper is to review the state of research in this field and to outline future ways how to proceed. The term: "Zeitgeber", implies 'time giver' meaning: synchronizer when an external entrainment factor synchronizes the endogenous rhythm. Is this 'time giver', the chronological date in the sense that it is related to the time of day as reflected in the natural light-dark cycles? Or does it mean cyclic phases of activity as demonstrated in the laboratory? Moreover, is it totally independent of the animal's physiological condition? This subject was studied largely in buthid species (15) of a total of only 30 scorpion species. Moreover, many (over 25%) of the studies (19) were done on a single buthid species: Androctonus australis. Species diversity was observed only by one author's work who studied eye structure in seven species. Since he found variability in eye structure it would not be advisable to generalize. The fact that experimenting was carried out irrespective of species diversity, gender, ecological or physiological conditions, and was usually done on animals kept in captivity for some time before the experimenting had started, is a major drawback to this kind of study. The diurnal rhythms is triggered either directly through spontaneous arrhythmic activity in the central nervous system, or by neurosecretory material. It is possible that these differences arise from either different technical treatments or due to basic problems, and these need to be clarified. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(4)/genus-Scylla-from-Gujarat-India-with-two-new-records-of-species.pdf J. N. Trivedi, K. D. Vachhrajani.Arthropods,2013,2(4):159-171 The present study describes the taxonomic account of genus Scylla from Gujarat state, India. Specimens of crab were collected from 11 different marine sites/ habitats along the coastal region of the state. Of the several specimens examined on site, 30 morphologically distinct samples were selected for the study, and total 47 different morphological characters were measured. Three different species of genus Scylla were identified viz. Scylla serrata, Scylla tranquebarica and Scylla Olivacea. We report Scylla tranquebarica and Scylla Olivacea for the first time from the state. In general, S. serrata is reported as a dominant species with wide spread distribution while rest of the species show patchy distribution. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(4)/habitat-ecology-and-food-and-feeding-of-herring-bow-crab-Varuna-litterata.pdf P. Lakshmi Devi, Deepthi Gopi Nair, Aneykutty Joseph.Arthropods,2013,2(4):172-188 Habitat ecology and food and feeding of the herring bow crab, Varuna litterata of Cochin Backwaters, Kerala, India were investigated for a period of one year (April 2011-March 2012). Among the 15 stations surveyed, the crabs were found to occur only in 4 stations, which had a close proximity to the sea. Sediment analysis of the stations revealed that the substratum of these stations is sandy in nature and is rich in organic carbon content (0.79% to 1.07%). These estuarine crabs is euryhaline and are found to be distributed in areas with a sandy substratum, higher organic carbon content and more tidal influx. The stomach contents analysis of crabs examined showed that their diet included crustacean remains, plants, sand and debris, fishes, miscellaneous group and unidentified matter. In adults and sub-adults, crustaceans formed the dominant food group, while in juveniles, sand and debris formed the dominant group. From the present study, V. litterata was found to be a predatory omnivore capable of ingesting both animal and plant tissues. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(4)/morphometry-map-and-new-GIS-method-for-honey-bee-morphometric-analysis.pdf Hossam F. Abou-Shaara.Arthropods,2013,2(4):189-199 The morphometric analysis of honey bees has a substantial importance for honey bee subspecies characterization and discrimination while the ArcGIS is a geographical program for data analysis. In the present research, the combination between the morphometric data and the spatial analysis options of the ArcGIS was done and subsequently tested in creating a morphometry map for honey bees from some regions in Egypt as well as for the discrimination between two honey bee subspecies. Therefore, I present a model for creating the morphometry maps and a new method for the morphometric analysis by the transformation of the morphometric data to raster data layers. The obtained results showed that the created morphometry map classified the regions successfully according to the morphological character means. The morphometric analysis was successfully performed by using trend analysis and raster difference range. The analysis of the morphometric data as raster layers showed high sensitivity for the differences between subspecies and regions. The presented model and the method are effective and can be applied for the discrimination between subspecies, regions and colonies as well as can be used with other insects. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(4)/diversity-of-dragonflies-Anisoptera.pdf V. A. Shende, K. G. Patil.Arthropods,2013,2(4):200-207 Gorewada International Bio-Park provides a good habitat for biodiversity of Odonates. Its geographical location is 21'11'N 79'2'E. Dragonfly watching and recording has been done in each line transect during a week. Total 34 species of dragonflies are recorded belonging to 24 genera and 4 families. Out of total dragonfly species examined, 26 (76.47%) are common and 8 (23.53%) are occasional. Libellulidae family is consisting of maximum number of genera and species followed by Aeshnidae, Gomphidae and Macromiidae. The present study encourages the conservation of a wide range of dragonfly species in this area. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(4)/selection-entomopathogenic-fungi-against-red-spider-mite-Tetranychus-kanzawai.pdf Yayan Sanjaya, Virginia R. Ocampo, Barbara L. Caoili.Arthropods,2013,2(4):208-215 The pathogenicity of three entomopathogenic fungal species to Tetranychus kanzawai was investigated. Seven isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae, six isolates of Beauveria bassiana, and an isolate of Paecilomyces lilacinus from the Philippines and Indonesia were evaluated. The following studies were undertaken: (1) screening of M. anisoplae, B. bassiana and P. lilicanus pathogenic to T. kanzawai, and (2) bioefficacy studies of the selected entomopathogenic fungi under greenhouse conditions. Conidia of each isolate were mass-produced on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 26+-1 oC and a 12-hour photophase for a maximum of 21 days. Preliminary screening for the most pathogenic isolate within the same species was determined using suspension with 104 to 108 conidia ml-1. At 4 days after treatment (DAT), the pathogenicity within M. anisopliae isolates in decreasing order was Ma5>Ma6>Ma4>Ma2>Ma1>Ma3>Ma7 while for B. bassiana, was Bb6>Bb5>Bb4>Bb3>Bb1>Bb2. The top three most pathogenic isolates within the two species were subjected to further studies to determine the most virulent isolate against T. kanzawai. At 5 DAT, the LC50 values of M. anisopliae isolates ranged from 5.0 x102 to 1.4x103 while for B. bassiana ranged from 1.2 x 103 to 2.4x 103 conidia ml-1. Based on LC50, the virulence of the fungal isolates within the species in decreasing order was Ma6>Ma5>Ma4 and Bb6>Bb5>Bb4. However, the LC50 values are not significantly different from each other. Green house trials showed that the epizootic of entomopathogenic fungus can regulate the population of mites. The fungal isolates used in the study, although not originally isolated from mites were virulent to T. kanzawai, indicating their wide host range. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(4)/density-infestation-and-control-strategy-of-German-cockroach-Blattella-germanica.pdf M.F. Mahmoud, A.F. El-Bahrawy, H.M. El-Sharabasy, Y.S. El-Badry, G.A. El-Kady.Arthropods,2013,2(4):216-224 A study was conducted to investigate the ecological situation, density, infestation rate and control strategy of German cockroach, Blattella germanica indoors in two hospitals in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. The sticky traps method was used for 12 months in 2012. The cockroach index, sanitation and ventilation rate tables were tools to investigate the effectiveness of sanitation and related factors on B. germanica in Ismailia. Results showed that the population density of B. germanica increased gradually from January to July, and then decreased gradually till December of 2012 in both hospitals. The population density of B. germanica captured from hospital 1 (urban) was higher than hospital 2 (rural) in all months. Moreover, the number of German cockroach caught from different apartments in both hospitals was very significant different. Among these apartments, kitchen had the highest number of German cockroach, density, infestation rate and percent of nymphs. The highest population density was in kitchen (298.44), followed by dry food store (69.99), furniture room (25.91) and patient room (8.94), for hospital 1. However, the population was low in all apartments in hospital 2. Although several stages of B. germanica were caught from two hospitals, nymphs showed the higher infestation rate in all apartments surveyed in both hospitals. The infestation rate of nymphs was 92.5% in hospital 1 and 63.06% in hospital 2. In addition, temperature and humidity were measured in hospitals to study the relationship between population density of B. germanica and these parameters. There was a positive correlation between temperature and the population density for hospital 1 and for hospital 2. The correlation was negative between humidity and population density in both hospitals. In conclusion, integrated control measures should be taken according to the seasonal fluctuation, population density in hospitals in Ismailia. It should put the emphasis on environmental management plus physical control, chemical control and biological control. Sanitation, good ventilation has positive impact in reduction of German cockroach infestation. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(4)/response-of-adult-male-Zeuzera-pyrina-to-different-pheromone-traps.pdf Raheleh Dolati, Jamasb Nozari, Vahid Hosseininaveh.Arthropods,2013,2(4):225-230 The leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lep: Zeuzeridae) is an important polyphagous pest of a wide range of trees and shrubs across Europe and Asia. The efficient control of the leopard moth by direct spraying of infested branches and trees is usually impractical because the larvae feed internally and escape from exposure to the used insecticides. Sexual pheromones emitted by females may provide an efficient alternative method to explore the pest, disrupt its mating or capture and kill it. In the present study, we evaluated the efficiency of one Iranian-formulated (in three doses: 1, 1.5, and 2 mg per trap) and three non-Iranian-formulated sexual pheromones in attraction and capturing of adult males of the leopard moth in Walnut orchards of Alborz province and three different regions of Kerman province (Rabor, Baft, Darremorid). We found a wide diversity in response of adult males to different pheromones in the four studied regions. This diversity seems to be resulted from isolation of the populations and may present a preliminary stage of divergence and speciation in this species. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(4)/efficiency-of-probiotics-in-growth-and-survival-of-Peneaus-monodon.pdf V. Elumalai, G. Ramesh, D. Mohan, S. Jayalakshmi, G. Subbulakshmi, S. M. Raffi.Arthropods,2013,2(4):231-236 Probiotic supplementation of live microorganisms in aquaculture aids in preventing disease, thereby increasing production and decreasing economic loss. Application of probiotics bacteria in aquaculture systems plays significant role that determines the fate and success rate of culture. The present study was carried out to evaluate the performance of commercially available probiotics (The major active ingredients include Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus faecium, Bacillus mesentericus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus natto, Clostridium butyricum, Saccharomyces cerevivisiae, Alkaline Protease and Lipase) in the growth and survival of Peneaus monodon in grow-out conditions. At the end of the culture, the survival rate of Pond I (treatment pond) was 76%, whereas for Pond II (control pond) it was only 59%. Pond I (29.2g) where as shrimps in the Pond II showed the least average body weight of 22.6g. It is evident that application of probiotics has improved the growth and survival of P. monodon and which in turn paved way to reap better profit for the farmers. This investigation showed that administration of mixed Bacillus probiotics significantly improved growth and survival of shrimp, increased beneficial bacteria in shrimp culture and enhanced water quality for parameter., it seems likely that the use of probiotics will gradually increase in the days to come that will open new vistas in the arena of aquaculture. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(4)/checklist-of-moth-fauna-of-Peshawar.pdf Muhammad Aslam.Arthropods,2013,2(4):237-241 A taxonomic survey of moth fauna was carried out in Peshawar from June to August in 2010 to know about moth species present in this area. A total number of 1375 moth specimens were collected by using simple light traps operated from dusk to dawn daily for sixty nights. A total of 18 moth species belonging to six families were recorded in Peshawar during this study. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2013-2(4)/brachyuran-crab-diversity-of-lower-estuarine-mud-flats.pdf P. J. Pandya, K. D. Vachhrajani.Arthropods,2013,2(4):242-250 A systematic study of brachyuran crab diversity and distribution was carried out for two years on the lower estuarine mud flats of the Mahi River, the upper Gulf of Khambhat, Gujarat. A total of 10 brachyuran crab species belonging to eight genera and eight families were identified. Study documented the distribution and habitat preference of the reported species on the intertidal area. The study records the occurance of two species Dotilla intermedia and Macrophthalmus brevis, for the first time from Gujarat. Moreover the study briefed on the habitat preference, general ethology and morphometry of new recorded species. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2014-3(1)/epigeus-macroinvertebrates-species-assemblages.pdf Adolfo A. Del Rio Mora.Arthropods,2014,3(1):1-19 Epigeus macroinvertebrates were collected during summer time in 2007, by using pitfall traps in different sites representing vegetation patches situated on land uplift area on successional gradients in the dune shore of Bothnian on the island of Hailuoto, Northern part of the Gulf of Bothnia, Finland. The sites were divided into six vegetation patches types or open sands, all of them localized on early, deflation zone and late successional stages or ecological subgroups: 1) Empetrum patches or microsites (small-scale element distribution in soil plant-systems in patches of Empetrum nigrum, in early succession; 2) Empetrum nigrum patches in deflation zone; 3) open sand in early succession; 4) open sand in deflation zone; 5) Empetrum nigrum patches in late succession, and 6) open sand in late succession. A total of 19034 specimens belonging to 14 species of Insecta and only one group to Aranea species were caught and identified. Afterwards they were grouped by trophic groups as follows: herbivores, predators and detritivores and calculated their richness, abundance, diversity and evenness for each vegetation type. The data obtained were analyzed by different analytical methods and relevant between them as MRPP for the purpose of identifying the possible differences between groups and habitats, which denoted no statistically significant between the 6 environmental types, but if for the case of composition or populations general diversity as abundance, richness, evenness, diversity. It is enclosed too Correspondence Analysis (CA) and cluster analysis for epigeus invertebrates species assemblages. As a support to analysis of results we added on ended the species-accumulation curve and estimation curves Chao1 and Jacknife2 for all ecological types. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2014-3(1)/mineral-composition-of-edible-crab.pdf P. Soundarapandian, D. Varadharajan, S. Ravichandran.Arthropods,2014,3(1):20-26 Totally 7 minerals were reported in the present study. For the individual contribution 5(Sodium>Calcium>Potassium>Iron>Magnesium),7(Sodium>Calcium>Iron>Potassium>Phosphorus>Magnesium>Zinc) and 4(Calcium>Sodium>Iron>Magnesium) minerals were reported in males, females and berried females respectively. In all sexes sodium and calcium were maximum and magnesium was minimum. Comparatively females contain maximum amount of minerals than males and berried females. Phosphorous and zinc were absent in males whereas potassium was absent in addition to phosphorous and zinc in berried females. Among different sexes females contain maximum amount of minerals (61.56 mg) followed by males (39.92 mg) and berried females (35.11 mg). From the study females contain maximum amount of minerals than berried females and males. So it is recommended to consume females to get maximum minerals. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2014-3(1)/effects-of-domestic-pollutants-on-cumacean-community.pdf A. Suat Ates, Tuncer Katagan, Murat Sezgin, Hasan G. Ozdilek, Selcuk Berber, Musa Bulut.Arthropods,2014,3(1):27-42 This study was carried out to determine the effects of sewage pollution on the cumacean assemblages found in the coastal waters of the Dardanelles. The samples were collected by a SCUBA diver between July 2008 and April 2009 and a total of 102 specimens belong to 5 cumacea species, Bodotria arenosa mediterranea, Cumopsis goodsir, Cumella limicola, Iphinoe maeotica and Pseudocuma longicorne was recorded. The dominant species, Iphinoe maeotica has the highest dominance value (36.66%). Multiregression approach resulted in statistically insignificant relationship between physical, chemical and biochemical variables of water and sediment and Bodotria arenosa mediterranea, Cumopsis goodsir, Cumella limicola, and Iphinoe maeotica. Based on multiple regression test, a significant relationship with R2 = 92.2%, F= 7.876 and p= 0.000 was found between six water and sediment quality constituents and numbers of Pseudocuma longicornis at the stations studied of the Dardanelles. On the other hand, water temperature (Beta= -0.114; t= -2.811, p= 0.016); sediment organic matter (Beta= -0.011; t= -2.406; p= 0.033) and water phosphorus (PO4) (Beta= 0.323; t= 3.444; p=0.005) were found to be the most important water and sediment parameters that affect Pseudocuma longicornis. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2014-3(1)/redescription-and-new-distributional-records-of-Matuta-planipes.pdf K. Silambarasan, K. Velmurugan, E. Rajalakshmi, A. Anithajoice.Arthropods,2014,3(1):43-47 Matuta planipes is reported for the first occurrence from Chennai coast, Tamil Nadu. Four female and two male specimens was caught in trawl net near Kasimedu fish landing center, on September 2013. The morphological characters of Matuta planipes, is having on surface regions of male chela a single spine, frontal lobes and carapace covered with reticulated loops as compared with bispinose chela, rounded lobes and minutely spotted carapace of the latter, these characters mostly differs from Matuta victor. The specimen has been compared with the earlier reports and other similar species. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2014-3(1)/checklist-of-subfamilies-Mirinae-and-Orthotylinae.pdf Mohsen Shamsi, Reza Hosseini, Asghar Shirvani.Arthropods,2014,3(1):48-56 A faunal study was carried out on the subfamilies Mirinae and Orthotylinae (Heteroptera: Miridae) from different parts of western Kerman Province on various host plants. In total 16 species belonging to 14 genera were collected and identified from different host plants and localities. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2014-3(1)/study-on-genus-Orthops-FIEBER.pdf Reza Hosseini.Arthropods,2014,3(1):57-69 This paper is the extension of a series of synoptic taxonomic treatments on the Miridae known from Guilan and other provinces in Iran. In the genus Orthops FIEBER five species are known from Iran, including Orthops (Montanorthops) pilosulus (Jakovlev, 1877), Orthops (Orthops) frenatus (Horvath, 1894), Orthops (Orthops) basalis (Costa, 1853), Orthops (Orthops) campestris (Linnaeus, 1758) and Orthops (Orthops) kalmii (Linnaeus, 1758). Pinalitus cervinus (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1841) as a similar species to Orthops group is included in this study. In this paper diagnoses, host-plant information, distribution data, and illustrated keys to the genera and species are provided. For all species, illustrations of the adults and selected morphological characters are provided to facilitate identification. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2014-3(1)/predatory-habits-of-Lutzia-fuscana.pdf Himmat Singh, Robin Marwal, Anusha Mishra, Karam Vir Singh.Arthropods,2014,3(1):70-79 The stable breeding of Lutzia (Metalutzia) fuscana was recorded form different locations of Indian Desert the "Thar" for the first time. The species being predatory in its larval form was investigated for evaluation of its biological control aspect in the desert setup where breeding sites and prey species are limited. Though its predatory habit is established yet using it as biological controlling agent was not found promising due to untargeted approach due to unlimited outdoor breeding places in sub-humid climatic conditions in rest of India. Whereas in desert due to limited water sources, mosquito vectors share the available breeding niche this increases possibility of targeted biological control using predatory species. Laboratory experiments on predatory habit of Lutzia (Metalutzia) fuscana showed that it preferred Aedes aegypti larvae most (88.5%), Anopheles stephensi (47.5%) and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae (39.0%). Average consumption of daily larvae is 18.89 larvae/day. If colonized properly and released in controlled conditions they can be useful in controlling of socially protected and unattended breeding containers resulting reduction in mosquito population. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2014-3(1)/diversity-of-damselflies.pdf Patil Kishor Gopal, Shende Virendra Abaji, Uke Shrikant Bhimrao.Arthropods,2014,3(1):80-87 Gorewada International Bio-Park consists of a lake as a major water source, marshy shore and heterogeneity in vegetation. Its geographical location is 21o11'N 79o2'E. Observations are made through walking line transects along the lake border to determine the diversity of damselfly. Total 21 species of damselflies belonging to nine genera (Aciagrion, Agriocnemis, Ceriagrion, Enallagma, Ischnura, Pseudagrion, Rhodischnura, Copera and Lestes) and three families (Coenagrionidae, Lestidae and Platycnemididae) have been recorded. Out of total damselflies examined, 52.38% are common, 19.05% are occasional and 28.57% are rare species. The present study encourages the conservation of a wide range of indigenous damselfly species in this area. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2014-3(1)/new-indices-for-measuring-Mediterranean-fruit-fly.pdf M. F. Mahmoud.Arthropods,2014,3(1):88-95 Even though the existence of interspecific competition and competitive displacement between the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) and peach fruit fly Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) in the last two decades in Egypt, Mediterranean fruit fly still occurs and threats many kinds of fruits and vegetables in Egypt. The objective of this study was to estimate the sexual compatibility, mating performance and relative sterility between laboratory and wild flies of the Mediterranean fruit fly, C. capitata by new indices (relative mating index, RMI; relative isolation index, RII; isolation index, ISI; male relative performance index, MRPI; female relative performance index, FRPI and relative sterility index, RSI). The results revealed that different doses of gamma radiation 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 Gy had no effect on the various parameters of mating compatibility, performance and competitiveness of lab strain males of medflies when mated with wild males. Moreover, no significant assortative or disassortative mating was observed. Therefore, we suggest that the lab strain males of medfly are compatible of mating with the wild males, at least under the laboratory conditions employed here. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2014-3(2)/health-assessment-of-pine-forest-as-affected-by-geothermal-activities.pdf Adolfo Arturo Del Rio Mora.Arthropods,2014,3(2):96-110 Studies on assessments of the air pollution and deposition caused by geothermal fields on the forest health and presence of pests have been few documented to date. In the geothermal field "Los Humeros", located between the borders of the states of Puebla and Veracruz, Mexico was realized a forest health monitoring to know the assessment could have these emissions of sulphur (S) and other two chemical elements measured by their concentrations on leaf tissues in the surrounding forests. For it were evaluated the forest healthy and pest insects registered at 20 stands of which were chosen completely at random 40 trees in total/site of the species Pinus montezumae and P. teocotein natural stands and plantations and picked up leaf tissue samples representatives per stand to determine the contents of sulphur (S), boron (B) and arsenic (As) representing each forest stand. The results of the study revealed that the presence of forest pests are not related to the proximity of the sites to emissions from stationary sources of emissions and moreover the amount of these 3 chemical substances monitored do not have none influence on the forest healthy sites condition, except for the Monterey pine aphid Essigella californica Essig, which seems to be directly associated with higher Boron content in the needles (mean=167.47+-32.15, and peak 635.46 ppm) and proximity of emission sources geothermal vents or where it is believed all these chemical elements are carried down by air currents to specific points and deposited in the stands. The general model obtained and with significance of R2=56.6 and P value 0.0033 for the presence of Monterey Pine aphid and the three main pollutants released from smoke plumes in geothermal systems is [D: Essigella]= -0.2088 + 1.880E-0.5 (A:SO4)+ 0.002245 (B:B) + 1.248 (C:As). The results suggest the use of aphid species as bioindicators of polluted sites. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2014-3(2)/butterfly-diversity-of-Gorewada-International-Bio-Park.pdf Kishor G. Patil, Virendra A. Shende.Arthropods,2014,3(2):111-119 Gorewada international bio-park is a good habitat for biodiversity of butterflies. Its geographical location is 21o11'N 79o2'E. Butterfly watching and recording was done in such a way that there should be least one visit in each line transect during a week with the aid of binocular and digital cameras. Total 92 species of butterflies were recorded belonging to 59 genera and 5 families. Out of total 92 butterfly species 48.92%, 38.04% and 13.04% are common, occasional and rare species respectively. Nymphalidae family is consisting of maximum number of genera and species. Maximum species richness reported from July to January and its number decline from late March to last week of June. The present study will encourage the conservation of a wide range of indigenous butterfly species in an area. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2014-3(2)/check-list-of-first-recorded-dragonfly-fauna.pdf Farzana Perveen, Anzela Khan, Sayed Abdul Rauf.Arthropods,2014,3(2):120-126 The dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera) are large, intermediate to small size, having different colours and variable morphological characters. They also carry ornamental and environmental indicator values. The first recorded, the collection of 318 dragonflies was made during May-July 2011 from district Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Among them 11 species of dragonflies were identified belonging to 3 families. The golden-ringed, Cordulegaster brevistigma brevistigma Selys is belonging to family Cordulegasteridae and Clubtails, Onychogomphus bistrigatus Selys is belonging to family Gomophidaed. The spine-legged redbolt, Rhodothemis rufa (Rambur); black-tailed skimmer, Orthetrum cancellatum Linnaeus; blue or black-percher, Diplacodes lefebvrei (Ramber); ground-skimmer, Diplacodes trivialis Rambur; common red-skimmer, Orthetrum pruinosum neglectum (Rambur); triangle-skimmer, Orthetrum triangulare triangulare (Selys); common-skimmer, Sympetrum decoloratum Selys; slender-skimmer, Orthetrum Sabina (Drury) and wandering-glider or global-skimmer, Pantala flavescens (Fabricius) are belonging to family Libellulidae. It is concluded that there is a diversity to explain dragonfly fauna from district Lower Dir. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2014-3(3)/sublethal-effects-of-botanical-and-chemical-insecticides.pdf Fatemeh Jafarbeigi, Mohammad Amin Samih, Mahdi Zarabi, Saeideh Esmaeily.Arthropods,2014,3(3):127-137 In addition to direct mortalities caused by acute concentrations of insecticides, some biological traits of target pests may be also affected by sublethal doses. The cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hem: Aleyrodidae) is an important pest of a wide variety of agricultural crops across the world. The control of B. tabaci largely relies on wide application of chemical insecticides. In this study, we analyzed the life table parameters to evaluate the sublethal effect of three plant-derived insecticides (Fumaria parviflora (Fumariaceae), Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae), and Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae)) and two chemical insecticides (pymetrozin and neemarin) on B. tabaci. The whiteflies were allowed to oviposit on plants infected with each of the five insecticides using leaf-dip method. The data were analyzed using the age-stage two-sex life table. We found significant differences in the gross reproductive rate (GRR), the net reproductive rat (R0), the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and the finite rate of increase (Lamda) of treated whiteflies compared to control. Our results showed that some biological traits of B. tabaci are affected by sub-lethal doses of the plant-derived extracts and that these effects are comparable to those of chemical insecticides. Given the detrimental effects of chemical insecticides on human, environment and non-target organisms, plant-derived insecticides may provide valuable environmentally friendly tools for pest management programs. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2014-3(3)/enzymatic-activity-of-amylase-in-alimentary-tract.pdf Ali Darvishzadeh, Vahid Hosseininaveh, Siavash Salimian Rizi.Arthropods,2014,3(3):138-146 The Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) damages a wide variety of crops in Middle East. Their hosts include cotton, alfalfa, eggplant, tomato, lettuce, bean and some ornamental crops. The intensive use of broad-spectrum insecticides against S. littoralis has led to the development of resistance to many registered pesticides use for its control. The purpose of the present study is biochemical characterization of digestive enzymes of this pest to gain a better understanding of the digestive physiology. The physiology and biochemistry of the insect digestive enzyme had an important role in the study of novel insecticidal strategies. The Egyptian cotton leafworm alimentary canal consists of a short foregut, a long midgut and a short hindgut. Application of pH indicators showed that alimentary canal was alkaline. Our results showed that activities of gut alpha-amylase were different in three parts of the insect gut. Also shown the greatest activity of alpha-amylase observed in the midgut followed by hindgut and foregut, respectively. However, there were not significant differences in activity of the enzyme in the midgut and hindgut. The optimal pH alpha-amylase in foregut, midgut and hindgut were 10.0. Zymogram analysis of different part of gut showed four bands in midgut, hind gut and two bands in foregut. Therefore, in midgut of S. littoralis, four isoenzymes were present. These results explain why more amylase activity was seen in these regions in the spectrophotometric assay. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2014-3(3)/a-preliminary-comparative-study-on-structure.pdf Adolfo Arturo Del Rio Mora.Arthropods,2014,3(3):147-160 The compound eyes of four Mexican cone borers: Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins, C. conicolens Wood, C.michoacanae Wood and C.teocotum Wood were studied and compared by main internal and external structures as are: number of facets, eye length, ventral eye width, dorsal eye width, facet diameter, primary and secondary pigments diameter, ommatidium length and cone length, where this last seem be larger in females than males; It is described the main characteristics of dioptric apparatus and photoreceptor layer. For 2 cone borer species studied. In general all the Conophthorus species showed identically kidney-shaped eyes where the number of ommatidia or facets quantified no differed significantly between species (P= 0.0149) and sex, except for the case of C.teocotum W; the other parameters or characteristics compared are too seem for all species group studied. It was described that the general structures of the dioptric apparatus and photoreceptor layer for C.ponderosae H and C.conicolens W, where were identified the presence of 8 rhabdomeres, confirms the fact that this number of receptors is common in scolitids, which give them the possibility of a UV-sensitive navigation system added to a green sensitive motion detecting their hosts. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2014-3(4)/Biolep-Permethrin-Hexaflumuron-mortality-of-cotton-bollworm.pdf Ali Darvishzadeh, Siavash Salimian-Rizi, Ali-Akbar Katoulinezhad.Arthropods,2014,3(4):161-165 Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera is a major pest in cotton and one of the most polyphagous and cosmopolitan pest species of several crops such as cotton, pulses and vegetables in Asia. Lethal effects of Biolep, Permethrin and Hexaflumuron belong to three different groups of insecticides were compared on larval stages of H. armigera. The trial was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatments including a control and replicated thrice. Our results shown three insecticides, Biolep, Permethrin and Hexaflumuron had significant difference in larval population mortality of H. armigera. After 3rd day Biolep caused maximum mortality that was 39 larvae. Permethrin and Hexaflumuron caused 29 and 31 larval mortality after 3rd day, respectively. Generally, the number of mortality decreased and the maximum rate of mortality in 12th day was 7 larvae that obtained by using Hexaflumuron. Our results showed that the Hexaflumuron was persistent in comparison with other insecticides. Biolep registered above 75 percent (average 77) reduction in number of larvae on the basis of post-spray data, followed by 68 percent and 70 percent each by Permethrin and Hexaflumuron, respectively. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2014-3(4)/changes-in-energy-content-of-Podisus-maculiventris.pdf Seyed Mohammad Ahsaei, Vahid Hosseininaveh, Reza Talaei-Hassanlouei, Mahdieh Bigham.Arthropods,2014,3(4):166-173 Nymphal instars and adults of the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris, preferably feed on lepidopteran and colopteran larvae. Different prey diets can change fitness including energy reservoirs of the predator. In the present study, effects of different artificial and natural diets as well as starvation was studied on energy contents of the third and fourth nymphal instars of P. maculiventris. Total available energy calculated as the sum of the energy contents of lipids, carbohydrates, glycogen, and proteins did not significantly differ in the third and fourth nymphal instars fed on natural and artificial diets. Among the energy reservoirs, only total lipid storage of the starved nymphal instars was significantly different from that in the bugs fed on the natural diet. In conclusion, total energy reserves cannot be changed in response to artificial diet. A better understanding of the impact of artificial diets on the energy reserves of natural enemies can be considered as a biomarker for more appropriate mass rearing approaches of natural enemies. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2014-3(4)/sex-ratios-mating-relative-abundance-of-millipedes.pdf Mark Ian Cooper.Arthropods,2014,3(4):174-176 Three hypotheses exist for explaining climbing behavior in millipedes: 1) waterlogging, 2) detritus limiting, and 3) mate avoidance. Data of sex ratios, mating frequency and relative abundance are provided to suggest an alternative explanation for the pattern in sympatric forest millipedes. Sex ratio differences - from equality - were tested using a G-test comparing millipedes on and above ground. Mating frequencies were calculated based on the percentage of paired individuals. Relative abundance may correlate with male-biases in the sex ratios. All three factors suggest Chersastus inscriptus has a higher reproductive potential than C. anulatus. This is evidence for mating hotspots. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2015-4(1)/perspectives-on-the-use-of-Verbenone-to-protect-pine-seed-production.pdf Adolfo Arturo Del Rio Mora.Arthropods,2015,4(1):1-12 In three study sites in the Michoacan State, Mexico, we tested five behavioral chemicals: Pityol, 4 Allylanisole, Verbenone (3M MEC), Conophthorin and Hexenol, in several field trials mixed at six combinations or treatments as posible repelents for females of Conophthorus conicolens W and Conophthorus teocotum W. Beetle-host tree combinations included these two cone bores species on cones of Pinus pseudostrobus (Lidl), the first, and on Pinus teocote (Schl and Cham) the second ones, baited previously with five semiochemicals, including the only case of Verbenone (3 M Mec) which was sprayed alone on healthy green cones of second year growing free from the presence of cone borers and previously to fly period of scolitids as at all other treatments. Cones baited with the combination of semiochemicals P+4AA+V besides these sprayed with Verbenone were less attacked and obviously distinctibily. Moreover, cones baited only with Pityol and adding Verbenone as a spray periodically, the effect of treatment was inefficient to protect them from boring by Conophthorus conicolens W, whereas these baited with P+4AA synergized the presence of cone borer females; The combination of all these semiochemicals and added with Conophthorin (P+4AA+C) and Hexenol (P+4AA+H) had inconsistent results, although for this last case, Hexenol apparently was synergist when is mixed with Pityol and 4AA , to prevent from attack by Conophthorus teocotum W. The best results of study subject were obtained with the combined treatment Pityol +4AA+Verbenone, and significately better spraying as alone as Verbenone and repelling C. conicolens W and C. teocotum W. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2015-4(1)/economic-injury-level-for-first-and-second-generations-of-Pulvinaria-aurantii.pdf Nima Maleki, Mohammad Reza Damavandian.Arthropods,2015,4(1):13-21 The citrus soft scale, Pulvinaria aurantii (Hem: Coccidae) is among the most important pests of citrus orchards in Asia. Damage occurs not only by direct feeding on plant sap, but also by excretion of abundant honeydew which underlies the growth of sooty molds on fruits, leaves, and young twigs. Although, chemical insecticides and mineral oils have long been used by growers to control P. aurantii, our current knowledge about the damage and economic injury level of this pest is insufficient. In this study, the economic injury level (EIL) of the first and second generations of P. aurantii on Thomson novel orange was investigated during two consecutive years (2011 and 2012). The study unit include a citrus orchard (3000 m2) located at Babolsar city, north Iran. Four branches of each selected tree with a proximate length of 25 cm were artificially infected by different numbers of P. aurantii egg sacs and monitored biweekly to record the number of infected leaves and fruits to both sooty molds P. aurantii instars. Finally, the number of fruits infected with sooty molds (more than 50% of the fruit surface) was used to estimate EIL using Pedigo formula. The EIL was calculated as 135, 102, and 125 egg sacs per branches with an average number of 8, 7, and 7 fruits for the first generation of 2011, and the first and second generations of 2012, respectively. These findings may be easily used by local growers to set their control programs based on the density of pest egg sacs on plant surfaces. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2015-4(1)/biochemical-characterization-of-pectinase-activity.pdf Razieh Karimi, Majid Kazzazi, Mohammad Vatanparast.Arthropods,2015,4(1):22-31 The study of pectinase enzyme in potato leaf beetle that is the most important pest of potatoes consider as an effective way to develop control methods because this enzyme is important in degrading plant cell wall. Pectinase enzyme was studied in midgut of Colorado potato beetle (CPB). This enzyme was extracted from the midgut of larvae and adult of CPB and then their important features were examined by specific substrate, pectin 1 percent. The optimum enzyme activity in 4th instar larvae and adult occurred at pH 5-6 range. Effect of temperature on enzyme activity were examined, the results suggest that the pectinase in midgut of 4th instar larvae and adult shows maximum activity at temperature 40 Celsius degree and 35 Celsius degree, respectively. Zymogram analysis showed presence of two activity bands for pectinase enzyme. The effect of various chemical compounds on the activity of enzyme showed that SDS, Urea and Tris reduced the enzyme activity. NaCl and CaCl2 increased this enzyme activity in 4th instar larvae and adult of CPB. This is first report of pectinase activity in L. decemlineata. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2015-4(2)/redescription-of-Harpactea-korgei-Brignoli-1979.pdf Recep Sulhi Ozkutuk, Kadir Bogac Kunt, Gizem Karaka, Tarik Danisman.Arthropods,2015,4(2):32-37 The redescription of dysderid spider Harpactea korgei Brignoli, 1979, on the basis of newly collected material is provided. The female of this species, previously unknown, is described here for the first time. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2015-4(2)/essential-oil-of-Echinophora-platiloba.pdf Iman Sharifian, Ali Darvishzadeh.Arthropods,2015,4(2):38-45 Essential oil of Echinophora platyloba was screened for its chemical composition and possible fumigant and contact toxicity effects against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). Aerial parts were subjected to hydrodistillation and obtained oil chemical composition was analyzed by GC-MS. (Z)-beta-ocimene (33.06 percent), p-cymene (10.98 percent) and Limonene (5.77 percent) were major constituents. Fumigation tests were performed for 24, 48 and 72 h, while contact toxicity of essential oil was evaluated in 24h. Experimental units were located in 25+-2 Celsius degree and darkness condition. In contact toxicity evaluation tests T. castaneum (LC50= 14.712 ul/39cm2) was more tolerant and R. dominica (LC50= 9.712 ul/39cm2) was more susceptible species. After 24 h, T. castaneum (LC50= 39.658 ul/250 ml air) and C. maculatus (LC50= 3.835 ul/250 ml air) were more tolerant and susceptible species in fumigation bioassays, respectively. In general, mortality increased as the doses of essential oil and exposure time increased. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2015-4(2)/diversity-and-population-dynamics-of-phytophagous-scarabaeid-beetles.pdf Mandeep Pathania, RS Chandel, KS Verma, PK Mehta.Arthropods,2015,4(2):46-68 Scarabaeid beetles constitute a major group of defoliators of cultivated and wild plants. Therefore, it is important to understand their diversity, abundance and distribution for planning effective pest management programmes. We surveyed scarabaeid beetles from 8 landscapes from different zones in Himachal Pradesh (N 32o 29' and E 75o 10'), India. In 2011 and 2012, surveys were conducted during 4 months period (May-August) by using UV light traps. A total of 13,569 scarabaeid adults of 20 genera and 56 species belonging to subfamilies Melolonthinae, Rutelinae, Cetoniinae and Dynastinae were recorded. The five most common species were Brahmina coriacea, Adoretus lasiopygus, Anomala lineatopennis, Maladera insanabilis and Holotrichia longipennis. They comprised 9.88-10.05, 7.18-7.76, 7.13-7.27, 6.80-7.62 and 5.22-5.30 percent during 2011-12, respectively. Anomala (10 species) was the most dominant genus in the present study, whereas Melolonthinae was the most dominant subfamily accounting 53.23 percent of total scarabs collected from the study sites. Among different landscapes, Palampur had maximum diversity and abundance, while Shillaroo had least diversity but more abundance of single species B. coriacea. The value of alpha diversity indices viz. Shannon index was maximum (H'=3.01-3.03) at Palampur. This indicates maximum evenness and abundance of species at Palampur. Shillaroo had lowest Shannon index (H'=1.12-1.17) and Pielou's evenness index (J'=0.46-0.49). This showed least species diversity and higher unevenness of scarabaeid beetles at Shillaroo. The results of beta diversity analysis revealed poor similarity of scarabaeid species between different sites confirming that the scarabaeid community in the north western Himalayan regions is much diverse. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2015-4(3)/first-recorded-spider-Arachenida-Aranae-species.pdf Farzana Perveen, Numan Khan.Arthropods,2015,4(3):69-77 The spiders (Arthropoada: Arachenida) are one of the groups of grasping animals. Their carapaces are found on the dorsal side of the cephalothorax, which is an important characteristic of spiders. The present study was conducted to explore the first recorded spider species (nti=75) of Sheringal, Dir Upper (DU), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Dir Upper, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The 10 genera with 10 species under 7 families were recorded from June 2013-July 2014. According to length of legs, the largest spider was the huntsman spider, Halconia insignis Thorell having length of the first leg was 1.9+-0.20, however, the same of the last leg was 1.44+-0.25 (n=9). In the same contest, the smallest spider was the ground spider, Gnaphosa eucalyptus Ghafoor and Beg having length of the first leg was 0.4+-0.08, while the same of the last leg was 0.4+-0.08 (n=3). According to length of cephalothorax and abdomen, the largest spider was the wolf spider, Hippasa partita Takidar having length of the cephalothorax was 1.1+-0.01, however, the same of the abdomen was 0.7+-0.1 (n=6). In the same contest, the smallest spider was the harvestmen, Hadrobunus grandis Sundevall having length of the cephalothorax was 0.1+-0.04, while the same of the abdomen was 0.3+-0.04 (n=12). During present research, 10 spider species of Sheringal with different sizes were explored. The present research will be useful to educate and create awareness about spiders in the people of Sheringal. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2015-4(3)/effects-of-temperature-on-population-growth-parameters.pdf Negar Saeedi, Mohammad Reza Damavandian, Hemmat Dadpour Moghanloo.Arthropods,2015,4(3):78-89 The effect of temperature on the development, survival, fecundity and population growth parameters of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Col.: Coccinellidae) reared on Planococcus citri Risso (Hom.: Pseudococcidae) was determined at five constant temperatures (18, 22, 26, 30 and 32+-1 cel. degree) in the laboratory conditions. Results showed a temperature - dependent development of the coccinellid. The mean total of immature period was estimated 76.6+-0.9, 33.9+-0.1, 25.8+-0.1, 22.6+-0.1 and 26.2+-1.4 days at 18, 22, 26, 30 and 32 cel degree, respectively. The highest and lowest values of R0, rm and Lamda were obtained 369.9+-50.2 and 2.5+-0.8 (female/female/generation), 0.07+-0.01 and 0.02+-0.01 (female/female/day) and 1.08+-0.01 and 1.02+-0.01 (day-1) at 26 and 32 cel. degree, respectively. The lowest values of generation time (T) and doubling time (Dt) were calculated 42.2+-0.9 and 8.9+-0.5 days at 32 and 26 cel. degree, respectively. The lower and higher developmental threshold of total of immature period were obtained 11.5 and 25.5 cel. degree, respectively. The thermal requirement for completion of total of immature period of this predator were estimated 400 DD. These results showed that 26 degree and/or adjacent temperature is most suitable for mass rearing of this predator. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2015-4(3)/infection-process-of-entomopathogenic-fungi-Beuveria-bassiana.pdf Yayan Sanjaya, Virginia R. Ocampo, Barbara L. Caoili.Arthropods,2015,4(3):90-97 Characteristic of entomopathogenic fungus to Tetranychus kanzawai was investigated. Three selected isolates of Beauveria bassiana, from Philippines and Indonesia were evaluated. The following aspect was investigated: (1) Investigate infection process on each fungal against mite. In this experiment, adult mites exposed by spraying to 10^8 per ml concentrations of conidia observing by light microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The result found T. kanzawai was very susceptible to three isolates B. bassiana which the end of the trials, fungal growth was detectable as early as 2 until 4 day observation. Infection process with microphotograph and SEM showed attachment, germination and penetration, extrusion and conidiogenesis fungal form. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2015-4(4)/checklist-of-butterfly-fauna.pdf Farzana Khan Perveen, Haroon.Arthropods,2015,4(4):98-106 The butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera)are well known insects, play an important role in the ecosystem as bioindicators and pollinators. They have bright colours, remarkable shapes and supple flight. The present study was conducted to prepare the checklist of butterfly fauna of Tehsil Tangi during August, 2014 to May, 2015. A total of 506 specimens were collected belong to 3 families with 18 genera and 23 species. The collected species are the common or lemon emigrant, Catopsila ponoma Fabricius; mottled emigrant, Catopsilia pyranthe Linnaeus; clouded yellow, Colias fieldii Fabricius; common grass yellow, Eurema hecabe Linnaeus; eastern pale clouded yellow butterfly, Colias erate Esper; Indian cabbage white, Pieris canidia Sparrman; Indian little orange tip, Colotis etrida Boisduval; pioneer white or African caper white, Belonias aurota Fabricius; plain tiger, Danaua chrysippus Linnaeus; blue tiger, Tirumala liminniace Cramer; peacock pansy,Junonia almanac Linnaeus; Indian fritillary, Argyreus hyperbius Linnaeus; Indian red admiral, Venesa indica Herbst; yellow pansy, Junonia hierta Fabricius; blue pansy, Junonia orytha Linnaeus; white edged rock brown, Hipparchia parisatis Kollar; banded tree brwon, Lethe confuse Aurivillius; common castor, Ariadne merione Cramer; painted lady, Caynthia cardui Linnaeus; Himalayan sailer, Neptis mahendra Moore; common boran, Euthalia garuda Hewitson; lime butterfly, Papilio demoleus Linnaeus and great black mormon butterfly, Papilio polytes Linnaeus. It was concluded that the family Nymphalidae has the highest numbers of individuals in the present checklist. It is recommended that butterfly fauna of the study area should be conserved and their habitat should be protected. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2015-4(4)/synergistic-effect-of-essential-oils-on-toxicity.pdf Idin Zibaee, Pooyabahari Khorram.Arthropods,2015,4(4):107-123 The toxicity and knockdown effect of Eucalyptus globulus, Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils and their mixed formulation on Periplaneta Americana (L.), Blattella germanica (L.), Supella longipalpa, Culex pipiens, Anopheles stephensi and Musca domestica were evaluated in a series of laboratory experiments. In all bioassay five different doses (0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10%) were used by filter paper (cm2) and aerosol (cm3) bioassay methods, all essential oils was toxic to cockroaches, mosquitos and housefly species the lowest and the highest LC50 belong to mixed formulation on B. germanica (LC50 6.1) and E. globulus on P. americana (LC50 27.7) respectively. In continuous exposure experiments, Mortality (LT50) values for cockroaches ranged from 1403.3 min with 0.625% E. globulus (for P. americana) to 2.2 min with 10% mixed formulation for A. stephensi. The KT50 values ranged from 0.1 to 1090.8 min for 10% and 0.625 for mixed formulation and R. officinalis respectively. The mortality after 24 h for mixed formulation was 100% but for single essential oils ranged from 81.5 to 98.3 for P. americana treated with R. officinalis and A. stephensi treated with E. globulus respectively. Studies on persistence of essential oils on impregnated paper revealed that it has more adulticidal activity for longer period at low storage temperature. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of essential oil showed 14 and 16 peaks for E. globules and R. officinalis respectively. alpha-Pinene (39.8%), 1, 8-Cineole (13.2%), Camphene (9.1%) and Borneol (3.7%) were present in major amounts for R. officinalis and 1,8-Cineole (31.4%), alpha-Pinene (15.3%), d-Limonene (9.7%) and alpha-Terpinolen (5.3%) were present in major amounts for E. globulus respectively. Our results showed that two surveyed essential oils has compatible with synergistic effect on various insect species, furthermore it is useful for applying as integrated pest management tool for studied insects management, especially in situations in which conventional insecticides would be inappropriate. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2015-4(4)/characteristics-of-first-recorded-spider-fauna.pdf Farzana Khan Perveen, Numan Khan.Arthropods,2015,4(4):124-136 The spiders (order: Aranae) are an important environmental indicator and play a significant role as predators in biological control of the most of the key insect pests. The present study was conducted to establish the characteristics of the first recorded spider fauna from Sheringal, Dir Upper (DU), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan during June 2013-July 2014. Their 10 species belong to 7 families, and 10 genera (nt=123: total; ni=77: identified; nui=46: unidentified) were recorded in the 6 quadrates, i.e., Daramdala, Doki, Guryaal, Samang, Shahoor and Sia-Sheringal of Sheringal. The largest family was Lycosidae (wolf spiders) with respect to size and numbers of specimens collected (n=20), which contained Arctosa littorali Simon, 1897; Hippasa partita Takidar, 1970; Pardosa distincta Backwall, 1867, while the smallest family was Gnphosidae (ground spiders) (n=3) with Gnaphosa eucalyptus Ghafoor and Beg, 2002; while other families Sparassidae (huntsman spiders) (n=19) Halconia insignis Thorell, 1836, and Isopeda tuhogniga Barrion and Litsinger, 1995, Opilionidae (harvestmen spiders) (n=12) Hadrobunus grandis Sundevall, 1833; Pholcidae (cellar spider) (n=10) have Crossopriza lyoni Blackwall, 1867; Hersiliidae (two-tailed spiders) (n=6) is having Harsilia savignyi Lucas, 1836; (n=5) with Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757 were recorded. It was concluded that 50% of the spiders collected from the study area were venomous. A detail study is required for further exploration of spider fauna of Sheringal, KP, Pakistan with special reference to their taxonomical, physiological and ecological characteristics. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2015-4(4)/effect-of-proline-as-nutrient-on-hypopharyngeal-glands.pdf Ali Darvishzadeh, Vahid Hosseininaveh, Gholamali Nehzati, Jamasb Nozari.Arthropods,2015,4(4):137-143 Proline is known to be an energy source for protein synthesis and appears to have a major role in insect flying metabolism. Insects can detect proline in their food and use it as an energy substrate to start flight and other high energy consuming activities. Honey bee has a feeding preference for nectars with higher concentrations of this amino acid. In this research we present evidence that L-proline can be utilized as a phagostimulant for the honeybee worker (Apis mellifera). We reported the L-proline increase hypopharyngeal glands acini diameter and syrup consumption at the experimental cage. Honeybee workers fed on 1000 ppm treatment prolin consumed 773.9+-31.8 ul/bee after 18-days. It is obvious that the honeybee workers consumed 1000 ppm the more than other treatment. The feeding decreased when concentration of L-proline increased to 10000 ppm. The hypopharyngeal glands development increased gradually from honeybee workers emergence and started to decrease after 9 days old. The maximum acini diameter (0.1439+-0.001 mm) was recorded in the 9th day when newly emerged bees were fed on 1000 ppm proline syrup. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2016-5(1)/key-for-the-first-recorded-spider-Arachnidae-fauna.pdf Farzana Khan Perveen, Numan Khan.Arthropods,2016,5(1):1-10 The spiders (Arthropoda: Arachnida) have a hard cephalothorax and soft abdomen. They are environmental indicators and play an important role in biological control of pests and vectors. The present study was conducted to prepare the key for the first recorded spider fauna during June 2013-July 2014 in 6 quadrates of Sheringal, i.e., Daramdala, Doki, Guryaal, Samang, Shahoor and Sia-Sheringal, Dir Upper (DU), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. During the present research, 10 species belong to 7 families, and 10 genera were recorded. The family Sparassidae was the largest among collected families (nSparassidae=19), its body was larger than others, abdomen was narrow at posterior, cephalothorax region was broad and brown, chelicearae were forwarded, legs were strong, body have hairs grey to brown and they were harmless and speedy. Gnphosidae family was the smallest among collected families (nGnphosidae=3), their eyes were heterogeneous, their inner margin of chelicerae were with a wide serrated lamina, posterior row of eyes were much longer than anterior, with lateral rounded maxillae. While the family Hersiliidae was the unique in collected families (nHersiliidae=6), as they are known as two-tail spiders, they have enlarged spinnerets, their male grow up to 8 mm and female up to 10 mm, they have 2 tails and are mimic with host plants. It was concluded that the majority of the collected species belong to the family Sparassidae. It is recommended that further research may be conducted on arboreal and aquatic species of spiders in Sheringal, KP, Pakistan. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2016-5(1)/diversity-and-distribution-of-butterflies.pdf Muhammad Inayatullah Khan, Hanif Ullah, Suleman, Muhammad Anwar Saleem Khan, Falak Naz, Muhammad Ather Rafi, Sardar Azhar Mehmood.Arthropods,2016,5(1):11-22 Butterflies are the fine-looking creatures and act as ecological indicators and pollinators. The present study is the first record of Butterfly fauna of Dir lower. Collection was carried out during March - August 2013. The specimens were collected and identified with the help of taxonomic keys and preserved specimens in National Insect Museum Islamabad. The collection of 375 specimens were preserved. Identification revealed 24 species belonging to 20 genera and 7 families. The species are Papilio polyctor Boisduval, Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, Junonia almanac Linnaeus, Pararge schakra Kollar, Junonia hierta Fabricius, Junonia orythea Linnaeus, Argyrius hyperbius Linnaeus, Hypolimnus bolina Linnaeus, Vanessa cashmiriensis Kollar, Phalantha phalantha Drury, Melitea didyma Esper, Lycaena phalaeas Linnaeus, Lybithea lipita Moore, Danius chrysippus Linnaeus, Hipparchia parasitas Kollar, Lethe rohria Fabricius, Maniola davendra Moore, Pontia daplidice Linnaeus, Belenois aurota Fabricius, Pieris brassicae Linnaeus, Colias erate Esper Eurema hecabe Linnaeus, Colias fieldi Linnaeus and Cynthia cardui Linnaeus. The highest population was shown by Pieris brassicae followed by Danius chrysippus and Cynthia cardui. Twelve species belong to family Nymphalidae (50%), which shows the highest abundance rate. Butterfly density was the highest at Timergara. Butterfly fauna was the highest in May followed by August and lowest in March. It is concluded that pollution free environment of Dir Lower is more suitable for the survival of butterfly fauna. Large scale study is required to fully explore the butterfly fauna of the area. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2016-5(1)/new-record-of-the-Grapsoid-crab-Metaplax-indica.pdf Tariq H. Yasein Al Maliky, Murtada D. Naser, Amaal Gh. Yasser, Abdul-Hussein H. Ghazi.Arthropods,2016,5(1):23-27 Specimens of grapsoid crab Metaplax indica were collected from the intertidal zone of the lower reaches of Shatt Al-Arab at Fao region, NW of the Arabian Gulf , Basrah, Iraq 2012. A note on the morphological features of this species and a photograph is provided to confirm the identification of the crab. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2016-5(1)/population-activity-of-peach-fruit-fly-Bactrocera-zonata.pdf Khalil A. Draz, Reda M. Tabikha, Mohamed A. El-Aw, Ismail R. El-Gendy, Habashy F. Darwish.Arthropods,2016,5(1):28-43 Peach Fruit Fly (PFF) Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) is one of most dominant and destructive key pest in fruit orchards in different agro-ecosystem in Egypt, so monitoring adults' population fluctuation in orchards, through capturing adults, has been considered as main way to forecasting or management the pest. So current study aimed to assay the efficiency of Jackson traps baited with methyl eugenol (M.E.) on male capture, that were distributed in different fruit trees orchards, in different positions and hang levels in one of Egyptian agroecosystem (Kafer El-Shikh Governorate), from (May 2014 to April 2015). Moreover, adults capture in McPhail traps in navel orange orchards intercropping with Guava were exploded to detect abundant and rearing season of the pest studying impact of abiotic factors on population, and estimation number, time and duration of annual generation. Obtained results declared that the pest had 7-8 annually generation. Jackson traps that placed in center of orchard and hanged at 2 m height more efficient than others for male catches. Highest numbers of PFF male attack orchards of Navel orange intercropping with Guava, while the lowest were with Navel orange and Guava. Each of season and kind of orchard or intercropping system had combined and significant effect on mass trapping. In McPhail traps, highest mass trapping of adult was observed in autumn (20.353 adult/ trap/ week), while each of spring, summer and winter season were similar in mass trapping. Only Wind direction as climatic factors had negative significant effect on mass trapping of PFF adults in McPhail traps, while each of maximum and mean temperature of winter season had positive significant effect on mass trapping. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2016-5(2)/LC30-effects-of-thiamethoxam-and-pirimicarb.pdf Shima Rahmani, Solmaz Azimi, Mona Moghadasi.Arthropods,2016,5(2):44-55 Chemical pesticides have important role in integrated pest management strategies. However, they can adversely affect on natural enemies as non-target organisms, even in sublethal concentrations. In this study, sublethal effects of two insecticides, thiamethoxam and pirimicarb, were examined on demographic parameters of an important predator, Macrolophus pygmaeus. Bioassay results indicated that LC30 of thiamethoxam and pirimicarb, applied on the third instar larvae, were 451.6 and 2013.4 mg (ai) L-1, respectively. The two insecticides extended the pre-adult duration, significantly. Demographic parameters were analyzed by two-sex life table. The results showed that all of the main demographic traits (r, lamda, R0 and T) have been changed significantly and there are also some changes in other parameters such as age-specific survival rate (lx) and life expectancy (ex). Intrinsic rate of increase in control was 0.15 but it reduced to 0.10 and 0.99 day-1 in thiamethoxam and pirimicarb treatments, respectively. Also, finite rate of increase in control, thiamethoxam and pirimicarb treatments was 1.11, 1.08 and 1.03 day-1 respectively. Reproductive rate in control showed 36.75 offspring/individual but this statistic in thiamethoxam and pirimicarb treatments was 19.62 and 18.24, respectively. Mean generation time was 22.69 days in control but it extended in both treatments and illustrated 27.79 and 31.24 days in thiamethoxam and pirimicarb treatments, respectively. Thus, obtained results in this study showed that although pirimicarb and thiamethoxam are selective insecticides, they have potential to affect on the predator, M. pygmaeus severely, and need to take care in IPM programs. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2016-5(2)/comparison-of-mineral-oil-spray.pdf Mohammad Reza Damavandian.Arthropods,2016,5(2):56-64 Over the past years the most important citrus pests poorly controlled despite multiple spraying and growers suffered heavy damage. To this end, a study was done to evaluate and compare the conventional insecticides with mineral oil spray (MOS) for the control of citrus pests and adverse effects in citrus orchards in Mazandaran province. In this study, the diversity and abundance of carabid beetles, as a specific predator of snails, were compared in conventional and free protocol pesticide (or MOS) orchards. The results showed that the frequency and distribution of important citrus pests in free protocol pesticide orchards after three years of treatment was significantly lower than conventional orchards. The comparison showed that continual use of synthetic pesticides in citrus orchards in the province , leading to a sharp reduction in their population and species diversity. The results of this study indicate that the use of mineral oil can be a useful alternative to synthetic pesticides in citrus orchards of the East province. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2016-5(2)/characteristics-of-family-Pieridae.pdf Haroon, Farzana Perveen.Arthropods,2016,5(2):65-76 The butterflies are the most beautiful and colorful insects of the world. Which attract most of the animals for their food easily available. The present research were conducted at Tehsil Tangi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan during August 2014 to May 2015. The family Pieridae were collected with the help of insects net and naked hands. A total of 8 species and 6 genera were collected, i.e., Common or lemon emigrant, Catopsilia ponoma Fabricius; Mottled emigrant, Catopsilia pyranthe Linnaeus; Clouded yellow, Coliasfieldii Fabricius; Common grass yellow, Eurema hecabe Linnaeus; Eastern pale clouded yellow butterfly, Colias erate Esper; Indian cabbage white, Pieris canidia Sparrman; Indian little orange tip, Colotisetrida Boisduval; Pioneer white or African caper white, Belonias aurota Fabricius. Aims of the present research the characteristics of butterfly fauna from Tehsil Tangi, are helpful in awareness, education and further research. A detail study is required for further exploration of butterflies' fauna of Tehsil Tangi. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2016-5(2)/expression-profile-of-detoxifying-enzyme-of-tomato-leaf-miner.pdf Idin Zibaee, Ali Reza Bandani, Ghodratollah Sabahi.Arthropods,2016,5(2):77-86 The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrich) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an important pest of tomato crops worldwide. The persistent use of organophosphate insecticide to control this pest has led to resistance. However, there is no report on the susceptibility and resistance mechanism of field population of Tuta absoluta (Meyrik) from Iran. Furthermore, the toxicity and impact of chlorpyrifos on metabolic enzymes in this pest remains unknown. The populations of T. absoluta from Rasht in Iran displayed LC30; 4332, LC50; 5010 and LC90; 7027 ug larva-1 to chlorpyrifos. The toxicity of chlorpyrifos could be synergized more bydiethyl maleate (DEM) and triphenylphosphate (TPP) whereas the synergistic effect of piperonylbutoxide (PBO) was not efficient as well as two other synergists. The synergistic effect ranged from 1.3 to 1.9-fold in 24 h and 1.2 to 1.5-fold in 48 h. The exposure with chlorpyrifos for 24 and 48 h significantly increased the activities of esterase and cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases, while there were no significant changes in glutathione-S-transferase. Field populations of T. absoluta from Iran displayed less susceptibility to chlorpyrifos and had a relatively high LC50in compare to other previous studies. Esterases and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase might be involved in the metabolism, and hence resistance to, chlorpyrifos in this pest. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2016-5(3)/effect-of-Iranian-Bt-cotton-on-life-table-of-Bemisia-tabaci.pdf Solmaz Azimi, Shima Rahmani, Masoud Tohidfar, Ahmad Ashouri.Arthropods,2016,5(3):87-96 Transgenic cotton expressing the Cry 1Ab protein of Bacillus thuringiensis developing against Helocoverpa armigera may be affect on secondary pest such as Bemisia tabaci. In this study effects of Bt cotton on demographic parameters of B. tabaci were assessed and the data analyzed using the age specific, two-sex life table parameters. Results showed that getting to the adulthood stage, was faster on non-Bt cotton in comparison with Bt cotton. Also the fecundity was higher on non-Bt cotton than that on Bt cotton. Some of the population parameters (r, R0 and T) of B. tabaci were affected by the Bt cotton significantly. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) on Bt and non-Bt cotton was 0.07 day-1 and 0.1 day-1, respectively. The net reproductive rate (R0) was 20.68 and 15.04 offspring/individual on Bt and non-Bt cotton, respectively. Mean generation time (T) in non-Bt cotton was 27.22 and 34.62 days in Bt cotton. The results indicated that the life history of B. tabaci in the laboratory condition was influenced by host plant quality and Bt cotton was not a suitable host for B. tabaci. The western immunoblot method showed that the Cry protein detection in honeydew was positive which indicated that the Cry protein was ingested. Results revealed that the transgenic cotton could adversely affect the secondary pest and the natural enemies which feed on such pests as a host or their honeydew as a food source should be considered. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2016-5(3)/a-contribution-key-for-identification-of-butterflies.pdf Farzana Khan Perveen, Haroon.Arthropods,2016,5(3):97-108 The butterflies are the useful bio-indicators of an ecosystem, sensitive to any change in environment, such as temperature, microclimate and solar radiation etc, however, they utilize host plants for their oviposition and larval development. Therefore, the present study was conducted to prepare the contribution key for identification of butterflies of Tehsil Tangi during August, 2014-May, 2015. The specimens (ni = 506) were collected belong to 3 families with 18 genera and 23 species. However, the collected butterflies were comprised of families Nymphalidae 50%, Pieridae 43%, Papilionidae 7%. The family Nymphalidae were primarily, blue, pale brown or orange and antennae-tips with large conspicuous knobs, while, family Pieridae were mostly creamy, white, yellow or light orange, although, the family Papilionidae were multi-colours, i.e., yellow, blackish-brown, white or orange and antennae-tips with or without knobs. The largest butterfly was great black mormon, Papilio polytes Linnaeus (Family: Papilionidae) with body length 26.0+-0.0 (nP. polytes = 1; M+-SD) mm, while the smallest butterflies Indian little orange tip, Colotis etrida Boisduval (Family: Pieridae) with body length 11.5+-0.6 (nC. etrida = 4; M+-SD) mm. The key of butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Tehsil Tangi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan has been established in this paper. It is recommended to evaluate the butterfly fauna of District Charsadda to educate and create awareness in the local community for conservation and protestation of their habitats. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2016-5(3)/pathogenicity-of-three-entomopathogenic-fungi.pdf Yayan Sanjaya, Virginia R. Ocampo, Barbara L. Caoili.Arthropods,2016,5(3):109-113 Tetranychus kanzawai is an economically important polyphagous mite species in East and South Asia. In the Philippines, it commonly infests cassava and papaya plants. The mites attack and severely damage the older leaves of papaya trees as well as seedlings. Its serious damage causes the leaves to dry up, thus, reducing the photosynthetic activity of the plant. Three entomopathogenic fungal isolates were tested on mites under greenhouse conditions using treated papaya seedlings following a completely randomized design. The mites tested were examined under a dissecting scope to determine the causal agent and to confirm mortality. The LT50 of Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces lilacinus on T. kanzawai were estimated. Our results indicate that among these entomopathogenic fungi, the Metarhizium anisopliae Ma6 isolate (LT50= 3.00 days) has potentiality for the control of T. kanzawai. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2016-5(3)/toxicity-of-Metarhizium-anisopliae-and-boric-acid-against-Blattella-germanica.pdf Mohammad Saaid Dayer, Kayhan Karvandian.Arthropods,2016,5(3):114-124 German cockroach is an important urban pest of worldwide distribution which harbors food poisoning and infectious organisms as well as allergens. In spite of the fact that insecticide application provides solution in severe cockroach infestation, it is associated with resistances development, pollution and economic lost. Integrated pest management (IPM) has been reported to be the best strategy for controlling such a nuisance pest. The main components of a successful IPM programme are biological agents and chemicals of reduced toxicity to non-target species. One of the biological agents which showed promising check on cockroaches is Metarhizium anispoliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin. Also, boric acid has been traditionally used as a safe inorganic insecticide against many pest of agricultural and health importance. Boric acid and M. anisopliae showed not only compatibility, but also synergism in killing Blattella germanica, when applied as dust or liquid baits. However, incorporation and efficacy of both agents in semi-solid baits remains to be documented. This study revealed that boric acid incorporated at 8 gr/kg in semi-solid baits has no side effect on M. anisopliae but enhance its virulence causing higher mortality in adult males of German cockroaches. This study, also, showed that boric acid can be used at higher dosages without any harm to the fungal pathogen if allowed to be up-taken by the pest through cutaneous contacts and/or grooming. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2016-5(3)/first-record-of-terrestrial-snail-Eobania-vermiculata.pdf Khaled K. S. Al-Khafaji, Abtsam M. Abud-Sahab, Najim M. Aziz.Arthropods,2016,5(3):125-129 Specimens of the terrestrial gastropod Eobania vermiculata (O.F. Muller, 1774) were collected from two locations (Hareerregion and Al-Khoraregion) in Basrah city, Iraq, during the period from March 2015 to April 2016. Some notes on the morphological features of this species and photographs were provided to confirm the identification of the snail. The results found that it is the first record of this land snail E.vermiculata in Basrah city. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2016-5(4)/transduction-of-vitellogenic-signal-of-juvenile-hormone.pdf Mahboubeh Naghdi, Jose-Luis Maestro, Xavier Belles, Ali Bandani.Arthropods,2016,5(4):130-137 In adult females of the cockroach Blattella germanica, juvenile hormone (JH) promotes vitellogenin production. Depletion of Methoprene-tolerant (Met) mRNA levels with RNAi resulted in a clear reduction of vitellogenin expression in the fat body while basal oocyte growth was impaired. This demonstrates that Met is essential to transduce the vitellogenic signal of JH in this species. Interestingly, the expression of the transcription factor Kruppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1) was also reduced in Met-depleted specimens. This indicates that the JH signaling pathway promotes the transcription of Kr-h1 in adult fat body tissues, as occurs in the epidermis during nymphal development. Treatments with JH show that the expression of Met does not depend on JH, which suggests that Met is upstream the JH signaling pathway acting as JH receptor, as reported in other models and processes, especially in metamorphosis. JH treatments increased the transcription levels of vitellogenin and Kr-h1, which again suggests that Kr-h1 is a JH-dependent transcription factor in the fat body of adult females. The important roles of Met in nymphal development, as previously reported, and those reported herein in relation to reproduction, suggests that it can be an interesting target for the control of B. germanica in urban environments, using RNAi approaches. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2016-5(4)/analysis-of-soluble-proteins-by-SDS-PAGE.pdf ZiQiang Liang, TingTing Liu, AnWen Liang, GuangHong Li, FangHai Wang.Arthropods,2016,5(4):138-143 The soluble proteins from nymphs and adults of Sogatella furcifera were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The number of protein bands increased gradually as the nymphs developing, such as six and 14 protein bands were found in 3rd-instar nymphs and 5th-instar nymphs respectively. At the same time, we found that three bands expressed in each instar, two bands began to appear from 4th-instar, and six bands were specific in 5th-instar. There were four bands that their content in 5th-instar nymphs with long-winged disc was at least 65.61% higher than in 5th-instar nymphs with short-winged disc. There were 13 protein bands observed in male adults, while female adults had 13 corresponding protein bands and a specific band expressed only in tissue. Comparing between two wing-type adults, four bands were specific to long-winged adults, while the content of other three bands in long-winged adults was at least 72.54 % higher than in short-winged adults. Finally, these specific protein bands associated with wing or sex were discussed what kind role they played in wing or sexual differentiation. The results will be helpful to further explore the mechanism of wing or sexual differentiation about planthoppers. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2016-5(4)/rove-beetles-Coleoptera-Staphylinidae-Paederinae-in-north-Iran.pdf Masoud Mohammadi Dehcheshmeh, Alireza Jalalizand.Arthropods,2016,5(4):144-150 In this paper, 19 species of rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), belonging to the subfamily Paederinae Fleming 1821, were collected from Mazandaran province, north of Iran, during 2015-2016. Two species, Rugilus angustatus Geoffroy 1758 and Astenus lyonessius (joy 1908) are reported for the first time from Iran. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2016-5(4)/epidemiological-study-of-scabies.pdf Samina Yasmin, Suleman, Hanif Ullah, Mian Sayed Khan.Arthropods,2016,5(4):151-161 Scabies is a contagious disorder of skin caused by a mite called human itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei. An epidemiological study of scabies was conducted from district Haripur to evaluate the prevalence and the important risk factors responsible for the spread of scabies. The study was conducted in General population from (February - April 2013).Surveys were carried out in general population comprising 200 families of district Haripur. Out of two hundred families in general population, 81 were scabetic showing a prevalence rate of 40.5%.Considering an individual as a unit, 109cases were detected, out of these total samples of 1193 individuals, exhibiting a prevalence rate of 9.13%.The disease was significantly more common in females (10.4%)than males(7.9%),in lower socio-economic classes (13.8%) than the upper and middle classes (5.22%,7.16%), in those living in uncemented houses (23.6%) than those living in cemented houses (7.5%),and in those having domestic animals at home(13.4%)than those without domestic animals(8.08%). Family size was of no significance but prevalence was positively co-related with the level of crowding (average number of person per room in a house). No clear trend was indicated in the prevalence rate of scabies changing with educational level. The distribution of the number of cases per family followed a Poisson distribution, demonstrating that all the families surveyed were equally exposed to the risk of scabies. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2017-6(1)/larval-stages-Nymphon-charcoti-Bouvier-1911.pdf John A. Fornshell.Arthropods,2017,6(1):1-7 The protonymphon larva and next four instars of the pycnogonids Nymphon charcoti are described. The developmental pattern is that of a "Typical Protonymphon" according to Bain's 2003 classification. The description is based on archived specimens from the National Museum of Natural History collections. The walking legs appear initially as underived buds with three pseudo-segments beginning with walking leg one in the second instar. In the subsequent instars the walking legs appear as six segmented appendages and then eight segmented appendages. In the genus Nymphon there are four different post embryonic developmental patterns, "Typical Protonymphon", "Attaching Larva", "Lecithotrophic Larva" and "Elvie's Larva". This diversity of developmental patterns within the same genus which is not restricted to the Nymphonidae indicates that the developmental patterns as currently defined in the literature have little phylogenetic relevance. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2017-6(1)/insect-pest-infestation-on-Gmelina-arborea.pdf Arvind Kumar, Girish Chandra.Arthropods,2017,6(1):8-20 The fast growing and multipurpose timber species G. arborea has problem of multiple insect pest attack in India. To understand the diversity of insect pest infestation abundance on Gmelina arborea, the data was collected on insect pest infestation (%) in three agro-climatic zones (Zone IV, V and VI) of Jharkhand province of India over a period of 3 years. Results shows that the plants were infested with total twenty insect pests species, out of these ten insect pest were recorded as new for G. arborea. Various diversity and similarity indices were calculated to explore the relationship of insect pest infestation among zones. It was found that Zone V have the maximum species infestation diversity followed by the zones IV and VI, whereas, zones IV and V were most similar and zone VI was differ from others. Duncan's multiple range test determined that Phyllocnistis amydropa was the most abundant species for G. arborea. Additionally, ten insect pests viz. Maladera sp., Hyperops coromandelensis, Lobotrachelus sp., Apion sp., Ectropis bhurmitra, Belippa lalean, Pagyda sp., Phromnia marginella, and Homeocerus inornatus, Megalurothrips peculiaris were found to be as new insect pest records, infesting to G. arborea first time. The study may helpful to understand the expending range of insect pest fauna of G. arborea in the country and framing insect pest management policy more effectively. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2017-6(1)/butterfly-diversity.pdf Kishor G. Patil, Asmita Kanekar, Virendra A. Shende, Uke Shrikant Bhimrao.Arthropods,2017,6(1):21-28 Investigations have been done to record diversity of butterflies around the area of Rawanwadi reservoir during April 2015 to March 2016. It is surrounded by hilly terrain and forest provides abundance of host and larvalfood plants, and vegetation which are the most dominant features for diversity of butterflies. It has abundant species of butterflies due to suitable surrounding environment. A total of 84 species belonging to 5 families and 54 genera were recorded. Amongst which 52.38% were common, 28.57% were occasional and 19.04% species were rare. Family Nymphalidae consist maximum number of species i.e. 32 from 19 genera. This number is followed by Lycaenidae with 19 genera and 26 species. Pieridae consist of 13 species of 7 genera and Hesperiidae consist 7 species of 6 genera. Minimum number of species were recorded in Papilionidae i.e. 6 species of 3 genera. Most species from Lycaenidae were found near water body. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2017-6(1)/genetic-diversity-of-six-isolated-populations-of-Zeuzera-pyrina.pdf Raheleh Dolati, Jamasb Nozari, Vahid Hosseininaveh.Arthropods,2017,6(1):29-35 The leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina (Lep: Zeuzeridae), is an important pest of a wide range of trees and shrubs including walnut and apple across the world. The natural populations of the leopard moth in different geographical areas of Iran show significant differences in some of their biological characteristics such as time of emergence, generation time and host specificity. So, we hypothesized that these populations may represent different subspecies that move toward a speciation event in their evolutionary route. In this study, we evaluated the genetic diversity of six different geographically isolated populations of the leopard moth using the sequence alignment of cytochrome oxidase c subunit one (COI). A fragment of 642 base pairs was amplified in all six populations and the phylogenetic tree was created based on sequenced fragments. Our results revealed significant differences in the nucleotide sequence of COI gene in these populations. Differences in climatic conditions of these regions seem to be the most powerful force driving this diversity among the studied populations. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2017-6(2)/sound-producing-organs-in-achelate-lobster-larvae.pdf John A. Fornshell, Alessandra Tesei.Arthropods,2017,6(2):36-46 The Achelata, lobsters lacking claws and having a phyllosoma larva, are divided into two families, the Palinuridae or spiny lobsters and the Scyllaridae or slipper lobsters. Within the Palinuridae adults of two groups were identified by Parker (1884), the Stridentesthat are capable of producing sounds, and the Silentesthat are not known to produce sounds. The Stridentes employ a file-like structure on the dorsal surface of the cephalon and a plectrum consisting of a series of ridges on the proximal segment of the second antenna to produce their sounds. All species of Achelata hatch as an unpigmented thin phyllosoma larva. The phyllosoma larva of the Stridentes have a presumptive file-like structure on the dorsal cephalon. A similar file-like structure is found on the cephalon of one species of Silentes, Palinurellus wienckki, and some but not all of the phyllosoma larvae of the Scyllaridae. No presumptive plectrum is found on the second antenna of any of the phyllosoma larvae. Presence of a presumptive file-like structure on phyllosoma larvae of Silentes and Scyllaridae suggests that the ability to produce sounds may have been lost secondarily in the Silentes and Scyllaridae. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2017-6(2)/new-record-of-snapping-shrimp-of-Alpheus-edwardsii.pdf Tariq H. Y. Al-Maliky, Khaled Kh Al- Khafaji, Talib A. Khalaf.Arthropods,2017,6(2):47-53 Specimens of the snapping shrimp Alpheus edwardsii, were collected from the intertidal zone of Faw and Shatt Al-Basrah channel in Basrah city, Iraq during October 2016. Photographs by digital camera and measurements were presented. Guides and keys were used for identification of this species. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2017-6(2)/new-records-of-xanthid-crabs-Atergatis-roseus.pdf Khaled Khassaf Al-Khafaji, Aqeel Abdulsahib Al-Waeli, Tariq H. Al-Maliky.Arthropods,2017,6(2):54-58 Specimens of the The Brachyuran crab Atergatis roseus (Ruppell, 1830), were collected for first times from Iraqi coast, south Al-Faw, Basrah city, Iraq, in coast of northwest of Arabian Gulf. Morphological features and distribution pattern of this species are highlighted and a figure is provided. The material was mostly collected from the shallow subtidal and intertidal areas using trawl net and hand. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2017-6(2)/epidemiological-study-of-scabies-among-school-children.pdf Samina Yasmin, Hanif Ullah, Muhammad Inayat Ullah Khan, Suleman, Sadia Tabassum, Sardar Azhar Mehmood.Arthropods,2017,6(2):59-66 Scabies is a parasitic skin infestation caused by the burrowing mite Sarcoptes scabiei. An epidemiological study of scabies was conducted at Haripur from Jan to April 2013 to evaluate the prevalence and the important risk factors for the spread of scabies. The study was conducted in School children. Diagnosis was based on the presence of active burrows or excessive rash (rubbing). Out of a sample of 968 school children (1st-5th) 40 were detected as scabetic yielding a prevalence rate of 4.13%. Selecting 70 children as control, a case-control study was performed to assess the relative risk of scabies with respect to a variety of risk factors. Sleeping behavior (bed sharing) and the presence of head lice came out as a significant risk factors with relative risk of 3.0 and 2.44, respectively. On the other hand, factors like family size, house characteristics, general health condition, and bathing frequency did not significantly influence the occurrence of scabies. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2017-6(2)/side-effects-of-thiacloprid-deltamethrin-and-pirimicarb-and-pymetrozine.pdf Ardavan Mardani, Ali Almasi, Seyed Mehdi Hashemi, Majid Mohammadnejad.Arthropods,2017,6(2):67-77 Lysiphlebus fabarum Marshall is the main parasitoid of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli. Lethal and sublethal effects of thiacloprid+deltamethrin, pirimicarb and pymetrozine were evaluated on the parasitoid under laboratory conditions. Newly emerged females were exposed to dry insecticide residues that were applied on glass plates. Thiacloprid+deltamethrin caused 100% mortality. Pirimicarb produced significant mortality and adverse effects on fecundity, while pymetrozin did not. According to the IOBC (International Organization of Biological Control) standards, thiacloprid+deltamethrin (E = 100%), pirimicarb (E = 62.70%) and pymetrozine (E = 11.86%) were classified as harmful, slightly harmful and harmless, respectively. Life table assays revealed that intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) inthiacloprid+deltamethrin (50%) and pirimicarb (12%) were significantly reduced compared to the control group, while pymetrozine had no such effects. Our results showed that pymetrozine was safe for L. fabarum, but pirimicarb and thiacloprid+deltamethrin had deleterious effects on this parasitoid. In sum, the present study suggests a relative compatibility between pymetrozine and L. fabarum. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2017-6(2)/a-new-species-of-genus-Pezodrymadusa-Tettigoniidae-Orthoptera.pdf Waheed Ali Panhwar, Zubair Ahmed, Imran Khatri, Oscar J. Cadena-Castaneda.Arthropods,2017,6(2):78-93 The genus is reviewed and a new species Pezodrymadusa sehraensis sp.nov. from Pakistan, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (Lower Dir) is described. A total of 15 species to the genus are redescribed. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2017-6(3)/development-temperature-relationship-of-Blattella-germanica.pdf YiTian Xu, SongBin Chen, Yan Yang, WenJun Zhang.Arthropods,2017,6(3):78-85 German cockroach, Blattella germanica L., is one of the most health pests around the world. Development-temperature relationship and temperature-dependent parameters of B. germanica were determined in present study. The experiment was conducted in the incubators with five constant air temperatures, 23, 28, 31, 36, and 40 degrees Celsius. The photoperiod of 16 h light / 8 h dark and the relative humidity of 74%-76% were fixed for all incubators. Three replicates were set for each temperature. Based on linear regression equations, the estimated starting temperature for development of 1st to 5th instar nymphs of B. germanica is 14.26+-3.157, 13.70+-2.284, 14.59+-3.575, 16.58+-2.398, and 18.47+-1.442 degrees Celsius, respectively. The estimated effective accumulated temperature of 1st to 5th instar nymphs is 99.18+-19.68, 97.01+-13.47, 92.06+-21.17, 80.26+-9.784, and 64.06+-9.784 d degrees Celsius (day degrees), respectively. B. germanica had the highest survivorship and hatching rate, and the least instars for eclosion and hatching time, around 31 degrees Celsius, which is the optimum temperature range for development and survival of B. germanica. B. germanica could not survive at 40 degrees Celsius. Even at 36 degrees Celsius, all eclosed adults had vestigial wings and could not normally mate and reproduce. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2017-6(3)/influence-of-soil-nutrient-combination-on-Flemingia-semialata.pdf Arvind Kumar.Arthropods,2017,6(3):86-92 Lac is a natural resin of outstanding properties and exceptional versatility, secreted by tiny coccid insect Kerria lacca, which is reared on some specific plants. Lac insect take their nutrition from the host plant, hence soil nutrient become most important component for sustainable lac cultivation and host plant growth. Therefore, to determine the suitable nutrient combination dose of N, P and K on lac host plant growth, lac yield and their predation and parasitization an experiment was undertaken. The result showed N, P and K soil nutrient combination in treatment 2 (T2=N15:P5:K5) was found to be the most suitable for lac production and least insect pest infestation. The soil nutrient supplied to plants was positively influences the F. semialata plant growth. It shows that soil nutrient must be applied for lac cultivation on F. semialata for their sustainable development, better lac production and less predator infestation. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2017-6(3)/insecticidal-food-utilisation-of-essential-oils.pdf Shallina Gupta, Nalini Singh Chauhan, Sakshi Bhushan, Rohit Arora, Saroj Arora, Satwinder Kaur Sohal.Arthropods,2017,6(3):93-106 The glucosinolate rich hot and cold hexane extracts of Brassica juncea had a negative effect on the development of Spodoptera litura larvae when they were fed on different concentrations of the extracts. Both larval growth index and pupal growth index declined with treatment. However the hot extract with 3-butenyl isothiocyanate as the predominant compound had a more deleterious effect as at 3125ppm the larvae were unable to complete their development. The nutritional indices too were more adversely affected with hot extract as compared to cold extract. The RGR, RCR, ECI and ECD declined significantly with increase in concentration of the hot hexane extract. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, SOD and catalase decreased while that of phosphatases, GSTs, phenol oxidases increased during the initial treatment duration but decreased on prolonged treatment of the larvae with LC50 concentration of hot extract. A similar trend was observed for glutathione and lipid peroxides but a decrease in ascorbate content was observed as compared to control. The findings reveal a toxic effect of 3-butenylisothiocyanate rich hot hexane extract of B. juncea on S. litura larvae. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2017-6(4)/sexual-dimorphism-and-inter-individual-variation.pdf Mohammad Shahbaz, Gadir Nouri-Ganbalani.Arthropods,2017,6(4):107-116 Sexual selection is expected to drive phenotypic differences between conspecific male and females, a widespread phenomenon known as sexual dimorphism. At the same time, individuals may exhibit some degree of intra-sexual variation. We examined the sexual dimorphism and inter-individual variation in different body parts of Creophilus maxillosus L. (Col: Staphylinidae), a cosmopolitan rove beetle commonly found on carrion. Male C. maxillosus had significantly wider head and pronotum, longer mandibles, and more distant eyes than females. The head width was positively correlated to mandible length, which may reflect stronger adductor muscles and higher bite force in larger individuals. The allometry of traits can be examined by plotting the logarithms of that specific trait against the logarithm of body size and determining the slope (b) of the regression line. Isometry occurs when b=1, i.e. the ratio of given traits to body size remains constant across individuals. Negative allometry occurs when b less than 1, i.e. larger individuals have relatively smaller traits in relation to body size. Positive allometry occurs when b greater than 1, so that larger individuals have disproportionately larger traits. A positive allometry was found in head width (b=1.32), mandible length (b=2.28), and ocular distance (b=1.49) of males. Our results show that, particularly head size, mandible length and ocular distance are probably under sexual selection in males, while traits such as eye size are isometric to body size. The potential role of these traits in male-male combat as well as female attractiveness has been frequently documented in different insect taxa. The striking similarities in patterns of sexual dimorphism among independently evolved insects indicate that common evolutionary force(s) are probably at work. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2017-6(4)/development-parameters-and-population-life-table-of-beet-armyworm.pdf HonQing Dai, GuiLu Zhang, WenJun Zhang.Arthropods,2017,6(4):117-125 Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), is an important insect pest fed on many crops. Temperature and host plant dependent development, survival, and population parameters of S. exigua were studied in present article. The results showed that the generation duration of S. exigua at temperatures 20, 25, 27, 30, and 35 celsius degree were 37.61, 30.78, 22.40, 18.57, and 13.74 days, respectively. S. exigua could not survive at 38 celsius degree. The generation duration of S. exigua, feeding on Lactuca sativa, Lactuca Sativa L., Raphanus sativus L., and Allium fistulosum at 27 celsius degree, were 18.86, 20.10, 22.67, and 22.50 days respectively. And the generation survivorship was 30.91, 29.00, 22.00, and 27.50% respectively, far less than observed 81.91% feeding on artificial diet. S. exigua feeding on L. sativa showed the highest net reproduction rate (216.29), intrinsic rate for increase (0.34), population trend index (76.59), finite rate for increase (1.33), and fecundity (606.5 eggs), while these values were the lowest when it fed on A. fistulosum. Relationship between development rate and temperature was fitted with three models, the linear model, Logistic model and Wang model, and Wang model produced the best fitting goodness. Wang model showed that for the egg, the 1st-5th instar larvae, pupa and adult of S. exigua, the upper limit temperatures for development are 45, 44.5, 44.4, 40.3, 43.6, 38.9, 38, and 38 celsius degree, resepctively; the lower limit temperatures for development are 7.5, 7.2, 13.4, 7.3, 6.6, 5.3, 5.6, and 5.6 celsius degree, respectively, and the optimum temperatures for development are 21.9, 28.9, 25.5, 24.5, 26, 31.6, 30.6, and 29.1 celsius degree, respectively. The upper limit, lower limit and optimum temperatures for development of the entire generation are 38, 5.7 and 30 celsius degree, resepctively. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2017-6(4)/management-of-Chilo-suppressalis-by-convenient-pesticides.pdf Morteza Noormohammad Poor Amiri, Faramarz Alinia, Sohrab Imani, Maesomeh Shayanmehr, Ali Ahadiyat.Arthropods,2017,6(4):126-136 The inclination of rice growers towards double cropping system in north of Iran has raised new concerns about the excessive release of broad-spectrum pesticides, particularly organophosphates, in the environment. In this study, the efficiency of three insecticides and an integrated pest management (IPM) program for management of the striped rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lep: Crambidae), in double cropping system was investigated under field condition. According to the results, one accurate application of hexaflumuron EC 10% (1.5 L/ha) or diazinon EC 60% (1.5 L/ha) for each generation of the pest resulted in significant reduction in dead heart and white head damage and increase in yield performance when compared with one application of fipronil G 0.2%, diazinon G 10% and diazinon EC 60% + diazinon G 10% as well as two application of diazinon EC 60% + diazinon G 10%. Additionally, considerable effect of IPM programs (mechanical, physical, and biological practices) on suppression of pest damage and improvement of yield performance was also observed. Given the environmental problems associated with excessive application of diazinon and fipronil, hexaflumuron, as an insect growth regulator with specific mode of action, can be efficiently integrated with other non-chemical methods for successful management of Ch. suppressalis in double cropping systems. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2018-7(1)/review-of-imidacloprid-toxicity-in-coccinellids.pdf Afifa Amjad, Iqra Azam, Muhammad Kaleem Sarwar, Muhammad Faheem Malik, Aqsa Sattar.Arthropods,2018,7(1):1-10 Insecticides are the pesticides that are used to deter pests as they affect their nervous system, respiration, growth and by harming their exoskeletons. Meanwhile, they are affecting the non-target natural enemies such as ladybirds that are frequently used in IPM as biological control agents. Insecticides were presumed to be ineffective for Coccinellids earlier, but research studies have shown that these insecticides severely effect physiological and behavioural patterns of natural predators leading them to death. A best-selling insecticide, Imidacloprid: a neurotoxin belonging to neonicotinoid affects the behaviour and performance of natural enemies by effecting their fecundity, egg hatching, developmental time, growth rate, locomotion, survival rate and causing mortality of various Coccinellids including: Hippodamia undecimnotata, Coccinella septempunctata, Harmonia axyridis, Coleomegilla maculata, Hippodamia convergens, Serangium japonicum, Hippodamia variegata, Coccinella novemnotata. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2018-7(1)/salinity-gradients-on-species-composition-of-Odonata-naiads.pdf Ahmed Zia, Amad-Ud-Din, Iqra Azam, Asia Munir, Sumera Afsheen.Arthropods,2018,7(1):11-25 In present study the relationship between salinity gradients of various water bodies and inhabiting Odonata naiads was studied. Naiads, being a popular group of water pollution indicators, were studied. Totally 35 sites were surveyed for collection of naiads and water samples were taken from each positive site. Eight factors viz. Electrical Conductivity (Ec), Calcium +Magnesium (Ca+Mg), Sodium (Na+), Carbonates (Carb), Bicarbonates (Bc), Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) were studied for each water sample. Interesting results were obtained both for Anisoptera and Zygoptera species. Among dragonflies, genus Crocothemis of family Libellulidae appeared to be resistant while Genus Gomphidia and Sympetrum of families Gomphidae and Libellulidae were observed to be affected by variations in salinity gradients of waters of different sites. However in case of damselflies Genus Ischnura of family Ceonagrionidae and genus Pseudagrion of family Ceonagrionidae were observed to be adaptive followed by genus Ceriagrion of same family. As an overall conclusion, Anisopterous naiads were found more susceptible to salinity gradients than Zygoptera and thus can be better used in water salinity diagnoses studies. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2018-7(1)/development-fecundity-and-mortality-of-SeNPV-infected-beet-armyworm.pdf HongQing Dai, WenJun Zhang.Arthropods,2018,7(1):26-30 Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), is an important pest for many crops. SeMNPV infected development, survival process, and population parameters of S. exigua were studied in present study. The results demonstated that relationship beween probit value of mortality (y) and the logarimic of SeMNPV concentration (x) followed the linear equation: y=0.455+0.9300x. At 27 cels. degree, the LC50 of the third-instar larvae of S. exigua was tested to be 77082 PIBs/ml. Pupa weight (y; mg) of S. exigua decreased significantly with the SeMNPV concentration (x; SeMNPV concentration (PIBs/ml)): y=106.038-1.1962 log(x) (r2=0.915, p=0.044). Fecundity (y; eggs/female) of S. exigua decreased significantly with the SeMNPV concentration: y=690.523-28.5209 log(x) (r2=0.997, p=0.001). Both net reproduction rate (R0) and population trend index (I) decreased with the SeMNPV concentration (x): R0=744.121-54.6707 log(x) (r2=0.983, p=0.009); I=354.259-24.4705log(x) (r2=0.987, p=0.006). http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2018-7(2)/effects-of-herbicides-on-honey-bee-workers.pdf Hossam F. Abou-Shaara, Mohamed A. Abuzeid.Arthropods,2018,7(2):31-41 Herbicides are commonly used by farmers to get rid of deleterious weeds. There is a common believe by beekeepers that herbicides have no harmful impacts on bee colonies. In this study, the effects of tow glyphosate herbicides (herbazed and glypho-up) on some parameters of honey bee workers were investigated. Three concentrations of each herbicide were tested. Concerning survival, the highest concentrations of herbazed and glypho-up showed significant impacts on caged bees than the control group (bees supplied with sugar syrup only) while the low concentrations showed the vice versa. The highest concentration of glypho-up caused the highest reduction in survival of caged bees. The tested herbicides showed no significant impacts on the navigation ability of bee workers than the control group. The proboscis extension reflex test was used to evaluate the learning ability of bee workers. The results showed insignificant impacts of the tested herbicides on the learning ability of bee workers than the control group. The survival was low when Nosema infected bees were exposed to the high concentration of glypho-up unlike Nosema infected bees and healthy ones. This study has a significant contribution towards understanding the potential impacts of herbicides on honey bees. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2018-7(2)/functional-responses-of-aphelinid-Eretmocerus.pdf WenJun Zhang.Arthropods,2018,7(2):42-47 Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd Ex Koltz) is an important ornamental and medicinal plant. One of its major insect pests is sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabasi Genn. (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Eretmocerus sp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is an important natural enemy agent on sweetpotato whitefly, which mainly parasitizes 2nd and 3rd instar nymphs of B. tabaci and often feeds the nymphs. With poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd Ex Koltz) as the host plant, the present study showed that the functional responses for parasitization of E. sp. on 2nd and 3rd instar nymphs of B. tabaci coincided with Holling-III equation. The handling time against the 2nd and 3rd instar nymphs were 76.2 min and 117.2 min respectively. The maximum parasitization against the 2nd and 3rd instar nymphs were 18.9 per day and 12.3 per day respectively. The functional responses for host feeding of E. sp. on 2nd and 3rd instar nymphs of B. tabaci coincided with the Holling-II equation. The handling time against the 2nd and 3rd instar nymphs were 201.7 min and 298.8 min respectively. The maximum host feeding against the 2nd and 3rd instar nymphs was 7.1 per day and 4.8 per day respectively. The parasitoid success rate of E. sp. against B. tabaci reached 86.5%. The result suggested that the host feeding of E. sp. was a significant component in the natural control of B. tabaci. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2018-7(3)/centrobolus-size-dimorphism-breaks-Renschs-rule.pdf Mark Cooper.Arthropods,2018,7(3):48-52 This present research aims to study the relative sexual size dimorphism of Centrobolus (Cook) in 18 congenerics. Millipedes illustrated reversed sexual size dimorphism (SSD) where females were larger than males; and broke Rensch's rule as this dimorphism increased with body size. SSD was calculated in 18 species of the genus Centrobolus and illustrated was regressions; male versus female SSD and SSD vs body size. An allometric equation for Centrobolus was (1) y=0.00051x-0.01071. SSD ranged from 0.63-2.89 (1.55+-0.63; n not less than 18) and was not negatively correlated (R=0.70485; P=0.00109; n=18 spp.) with volume ranging from 284-2683 mm3 (1097.89+-638.06; 18). The rejection of the rule appears consistent among arthropods. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2018-7(3)/butterfly-species-in-relation-to-food-sources-and-climatic-factors.pdf Md. Ashraf Ul Hasan, Sufia Akter Neha, Mohammad Abdul Baki, Mohammad Quamruzzaman Babu.Arthropods,2018,7(3):53-68 An inventory of butterfly species in relation to food sources and climatic factors influencing their diversity and richness was studied from March 2015 to February 2017 in Satchari National Park. We recorded 195 butterfly species representing 125 genera under 21 subfamilies and 6 families. Nymphalidae was the more dominant family contributed 32.8% of the total species followed by Lycaenidae (25.7%), Hesperiidae (24.6%), Pieridae (8.2%), Papilionidae (7.7%) and Riodinidae (1.0%). The highest species diversity and richness were reported from pre-monsoon. Out of 195 species identified in the Satchari National Park, 79 species (40.5%) were observed sipping out only nectar from different flower sources while others obtained their food from both floral and non-floral resources such as puddles, excreta, carrion, rotten fruit and blood of vertebrates. Highest number of butterflies were documented from Lantana camara (73) followed by Chromolaena odorata (60), Leea indica (30), Tridax procumbens (23) and Mikania micrantha (15) respectively. The butterflies were most frequently attracted to white flowers (52.2%) during nectar feeding. Temperature was positively correlated with the total number of species (r=0.417, p=0.04) whereas rainfall and humidity were negatively correlated with the total number of species (r=-0.43, p=0.03 and r=-0.50, p=0.01). http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2018-7(3)/application-time-and-concentration-of-mineral-oil-against-Pulvinaria-aurantii.pdf Fatemeh Moghimi, Mohammad Reza Damavandian, Ali Ahadiyat.Arthropods,2018,7(3):69-76 To determine the most appropriate concentration and application time of mineral oil against Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell, the reaction rate of egg hatching and the emergence of mobile cushion citrus instars to different concentrations of mineral oil in the laboratory conditions with a temperature of 4 +- 25 celsius degree, relative humidity 5 +- 75 percent and 12 hours of light every 24 hours over four days after applying the treatments was studied. In this study, four different concentrations of mineral oil including 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8% (namely 200, 400, 600 and 800 ml /100 liter water) and control (water without mineral oil) were selected as treatments and tested on the samples of citrus cushion eggs in various stages of hatching (10, 30, 50, 70 and 90%). The results showed that the most appropriate time to control is when 50 percent of citrus cushion eggs are hatching and the best mineral oil concentration is 0.77%. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2018-7(3)/effect-of-glyphosate-on-honey-bee.pdf Mostafa Faghani, Yaser Rahimian.Arthropods,2018,7(3):77-81 To determine the effect of glyphosate (GLY) on honey bee (Apis mellifera) Carnica breed performance, at the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province of Iran, some randomized selective beekeepers were asked to participate in honeybee research. They were asked to provide a sample of seven to 12 honeybees and a 5 cm piece of comb from the same hive. The experiment was conducted from August to September 2016. Samples of bees and comb from each experimental hive were analyzed using a liquid-chromatography mass spectrometer. Both experimental groups, which were the glyphosate and Roundup groups, were found to exhibit significantly greater mortality when compared to the none-supplemented group. The mortality rate for the group that was given sugar water with glyphosate was an average of one honeybee per day, whereas the average mortality rate for group that was given sugar water with Roundup was an average of 2 honeybees per day. In conclusion it is impossible to categorically state that glyphosate products cause colony collapse disorder. Revealed data indicates that it is certainly plausible that glyphosate herbicides may contribute to the phenomenon. In conclusion we could demonstrate that hives with glyphosate supplemented diets would exhibit a greater rate of mortality than hives. Hives with Roundup supplemented diets would exhibit a greater rate of mortality than hives with no supplementation. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2018-7(4)/Centrobolus-lawrencei-monomorphism.pdf Mark Ian Cooper.Arthropods,2018,7(4):82-86 The present research aimed to study relative sexual size dimorphism of Centrobolus lawrencei compared to congenerics. Millipedes illustrated reversed sexual size dimorphism (SSD) as females were larger than males and broke the rule as this dimorphism increased with body size. SSD was calculated in 21 species of the genus Centrobolus and illustrated as a regression. The approximate relative position of C. lawrencei was shown from measurements taken in South Africa. The average size of C. lawrencei was 47.3333*4.82222 mm (n=9) and logged (x/y = 2.36132). Males were 47.875*4.6875 mm (n=8) and females 43*5.9 mm (n=1). The SSD index was 1.00201. Log volume measurements were (females/x = 2.36553 mm^3; males/y = 2.36079 mm^3). The difference between the correlation coefficients for the species and the genus were not highly significant (ra = 0.867365, rb = 0.7473; na = 9, nb = 21; Z = 0.75; P (one-tailed) = 0.2266, P (two-tailed) = 0.4533). The mean volume ratio for C. lawrencei was 1.00201 which did not differ from 1 (t=1.82574; p-value=0.097855; NS at p less than 0.01; n=8). http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2018-7(4)/occurrence-and-density-of-sesarmid-and-brachyuran-crabs.pdf K.K. Al-khafaji, K.D. Saoud.Arthropods,2018,7(4):87-93 Samples were collected monthly from intertidal zone of Shatt Al-Arab River at three stations by using the quadrate (25 by 25 cm), three species of a sesarmid crabs were collected monthly from intertidal zone Shatt Al-Arab River. Occurrence of these Sesarmid crabs were studied duringthe period from January to December 2017. A total of 17678 specimens for three species of seasarmid crabs; Chiromantes (Sesarma) boulengeri with density 10-40 individuals/m^2 in Ashar station and 44-140 individuals/m^2 in Sebia station then Parasesarma plicatum with density 226-990 individuals/m^2 in FAO station and 0-52 individuals/m^2 in Sebia station followed by Nanosesarma sarii with density 256-1248 individuals/m^2 in FAO station and 0-44 individuals/m^2 in Sebia station. During this survey, 8 species of the other crabs were observed, including Ucas edenisus, Leptochryseus kuwaitensis, Opusia indica, Nasima dotilliformis, Macropthelmus dentipes, Macrophthalmus depresus, Eurycarcinus orientalis, and Eriocheir sinensis, belonging to the five families. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2018-7(4)/Tenebrio-molitor-nutritional-value.pdf Shokooh Heidari-Parsa, Sohrab Imani, Yaghoub Fathipour, Farshid Kheiri, Mohammad Chamani.Arthropods,2018,7(4):94-102 For many decades insects have been used as food sources and supplementation due to their availability and easiness in rising that is much less burdensome for environment than animal husbandry and breeding. Mealworms are typically used as a pet food for fish and the birds. Additionally they are good for their high protein content. The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional value and chemical composition of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) as afresh and sun dried larvae. Fresh and dried of mealworm contained 52.14 and 60.21% protein, respectively. This protein was also rich in amino acids such as Leucine, Lysine, Arginine and Serine. Fatty acid was detected with high value of Oleic acid, Linoleic acid and Palmetic acid in fresh and dried of mealworm. The determination of mineral content of mealworm are shown considerable amount of vitamins and minerals. The result of this study showed that fresh, dried and powdered larva is a high-grade product to be applied as a supplement to meals inclusion for animal and human nutrition. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2019-8(1)/early-developmental-stage-of-Pentapycnon-charcoti.pdf John A. Fornshell, Austin Patrick Harlow.Arthropods,2019,8(1):1-6 The first post hatching stage of Pentapycnon charcoti Bouvier is described for the first time. The eggs and first hatching stage were recovered from a cocoon carried on the ovigerous appendages of an adult male specimen archived in the collections of the National Museum of Natural History. Several different morphologies of the first hatching stage of the family Pycnogonidae have been described by Bain (2003) and Brenneis et al. (2017). The first hatching stage of P. Charcoti was analogous to Bain's typical protonymphon and Brenneis' et al. type one protonymphon. This stage displays morphological characteristics of an embryo. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2019-8(1)/non-LTR-retrotransposons-from-Sogatella-furcifera-and-Nilaparvata-lugens.pdf Jia Lin, Mei Zhang, JingYi He, GuangHong Li, FangHai Wang.Arthropods,2019,8(1):7-16 The fiWe have cloned two retrotransposons, one named SF-RT from Sogatella furcifera and another named NL-Rt from Nilaparvata lugens genome. Both SF-RT and NL-RT are members of the Daphne clade, and encode two open reading frames (ORFs) required for retrotransposition.We have gotten a methylated DNA fragments screened from S. furcifera genomes by methylation sensitive amplified fragment length polymorphism, and displayed higher cytosine methylation level in macropterous female adults than in brachypterous female adults. The methylated DNA fragment locate in the first ORF from 21bp to 319bp in SF-RT. Semiquantitative PCR analysis indicated that the detected gene fragments of SF-RT had higher expression in brachypterous female adult than in macropterous female adult, it means that the DNA methylationcan decline the gene expression in SF-RT. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2019-8(1)/rice-black-bugs-Correlation-Analysis-Based-on-Distances.pdf Melbert C. Sepe, Mark Anthony J. Torres, Ravindra C. Joshi, Cesar G. Demayo.Arthropods,2019,8(1):17-31 Morphological shape variations of biological structures have been considered an important factor that affects the survival pattern of an organism. This study focuses to gain information on intraspecific variation among different populations of the rice black bugs (RBBs) using Correlation Analysis Based on Distances (CORIANDIS) from the generated relative warp scores of landmark-based geometric morphometrics. Results revealed that the shapes of genital plates have largely contributed a high observable disparity in all morphological characters. The shapes of the head and forewings also contributed noticeable variations while minimal variances were observed in the shapes of the scutellum and pronotum, respectively. The species/group projected plot among populations are clustered together except Bohol and Leyte populations which show a departure from other populations based from the centroid in the compromise space. The quality of the compromise is 52.99% for males and 51.40% for females. It was noticeable that the trait variance is unproportioned to the area occupied by datasets indicating population differentiation from other populations. These results indicate that geographic variations among populations of RBBs were contributed by high species' divergence of the combined characters. This study suggests that CORIANDIS is a useful tool in describing population variability as this has the capacity to integrate all available morphological characters of populations to be able to visualize the underlying relationships among populations. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2019-8(1)/temperatures-on-food-consumption-of-shrimp-Metapenaeus-affinis.pdf Tariq H. Y. Al-Maliky, Sajed S. Al- Noor, Malik H. Ali.Arthropods,2019,8(1):32-37 This study is based on rearing of juveniles of the shrimp Metapenaeus affinis collected from shatt Al-Ararb in Garmmat Ali river. The period of juveniles existence during the study was found extend from November to July in 2008. During the catch and the transportation of shrimps from the field to laboratory in rearing ponds. Several essential experiments were conducted aiming to understand the feeding habit and food preference of juveniles. Three temperatures were tested (15, 20 and 25 degrees Celsius) for food consumption. In both cases (i.e. the live food Artemia franciscana and the artificial diet), the food consumption was highest at 25 degrees Celsius. However, direct increase was found between temperatures and food consumption at this temperature. The elementary canal fullness and was excretion at the three temperatures was examined too. The time (minutes) was found to be shorter when shrimps feed on A. franciscana (live food) compared with the artificial diet, the value were 51.4 - 194.15 for A. franciscana between 15 degrees Celsius and 25 degrees Celsius, while were 56.6 - 202.05 for artificial diet at similar that temperatures. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2019-8(1)/behavioural-ecology-of-Centrobolus.pdf Mark Cooper.Arthropods,2019,8(1):38-44 Forty-two studies on fire millipedes are reviewed in which mechanisms of selection; sperm competition and cryptic female choice were studied. Approaches to: (1) quantify size dimorphism and find the selection pressures operating on the sexes, (2) determine the functional significance of male and female genitalia, (3) understand why there should be a conflict of sexual interests in prolonged copulations, and (4) resolve the mechanisms of sperm competition and cryptic female choice in comparing male mating strategies to female mating strategies and sperm usage were included. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2019-8(2)/early-post-hatching-stages-of-Nymphon-australe.pdf John A. Fornshell.Arthropods,2019,8(2):45-52 Using scanning electron microscopy, we describe the first and second post hatching stages of Nymphon australe Hodgson 1902. In the first post hatching stage the animals have a pair of three segmented cheliphores and a pair of three segmented larval appendages either II or III. Three undeveloped buds of walking legs, 1, 2 and 3 are also present. The digestive system is still incomplete, the back ectodermal part of an alimentary canal or proctodeum has not appeared at the first post hatching stage. The second post hatching stage has seven segmented walking legs 1 and 2 and a four-segmented walking leg 3. The fourth walking leg is present as an undeveloped bud in this stage. The eye tubercle has appeared by the second post hatching stage. The back ectodermal part of an alimentary canal or proctodeum has appeared as a slit at the posterior end of the opistosome. In addition to N. australe the early post hatching stages of several other species of pycnogonids have developmental traits typically associated with embryonic development. The paired primordia of the ventral nerve chord ganglia are present on the epidermis. The eye tubercle is not present until one or more post hatching molts. The digestive tract is incomplete as indicated by the absence of the back ectodermal part of an alimentary canal or proctodeum. The undeveloped limb buds of the walking legs are morphologically analogous to those in chelicerate embryos. We propose that in the Pycnogonida at the time of hatching embryonic development is incomplete. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2019-8(2)/integrated-inhibition-of-citrus-leafminer.pdf Narges Mohsenpour, Mohammad Reza Damavandian, Fatemeh Shafiei, Mohammad Esmail Kamali Pasha.Arthropods,2019,8(2):53-66 In this research, the effect of irrigation management on the production of new shoots and leaves produced by citrus plants, and damage rate caused by citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella was investigated. The study was performed in a completely randomized design with 3 treatment and 5 replicates for two consecutive years (2014-2015) in Besat citrus orchard of Sari Fajr Company. Treatment included control (without irrigation), conventional irrigation and irrigating based on water requirements (WaterCrop). The number of shoots and leaves produced and damaged by P. citrella in each treatment were counted from the beginning to the end of the growing season and then compared statistically. According to the obtained results, during sampling after the leaf miner emerged, the maximum number of shoots produced and infected related to conventional irrigation. The mean leaves produced by each plant in WaterCrop, conventional and control treatments was 111a, 108.3a, and 51.7b, respectively, which of these, 2, 26.5 and 3.5 of leaves was produced at a time that P. citrella was active and damaged the leaves to 1.71, 21.6, and 4.31%, respectively. The results of this study showed that irrigation is effective in germinating and producing the leaves of citrus trees. As it is clear, over the year, the maximum and minimum leaves before and after emerging the pest have been produced by the trees that were irrigated by WaterCrop method, which because the lower number of the leaves produced during periods when the pest is active, these trees suffered the lowest damage without the use of common pesticides. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2019-8(2)/effects-of-Altosid-XR-briquets-on-Culex-pipiens-and-honey-bees.pdf Mona I. Elbanoby, Hossam F. Abou-Shaara.Arthropods,2019,8(2):67-79 Mosquitos are dangerous disease vectors to humans. There are many methods to control mosquitos, and one of these methods depends on adding insect growth regulators (IGRs) in pond water to impair the development of immature stages. On the other side, honey bees may collect contaminated water with IGRs to dilute stored honey inside hives for feeding. The interaction between IGRs used to control mosquito and honey bees, as a non-target organism, has gained little attention. In this study, the efficacy period of a single application of Altosid XR (methoprene as an active ingredient) on mosquito, Culex pipiens, reared in pond water from two different sources, and its effects on honey bee, Apis mellifera, larvae and adults were studied. The results showed that the Altosid as sustained-release formulations had continuous effectiveness with 90-100% inhibition of adult formation for 43 and 45 days post-treatment for mosquito reared in pond water from the two sources. The source of pond water showed no high impact on the efficacy period of Altosid, especially the period with the highest effectiveness. Significantly higher numbers of treated honey bee larvae with Altosid were removed by worker bees than the control group. The survival of adult bees fed on syrup prepared using water collected after two and three weeks post-treatment with Altosid impacted negatively than the control group. Single application with Altosid can be considered as a suitable treatment for mosquitos up to 45 days, meanwhile as a potential hazard to bee colonies for immature and mature stages. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2019-8(2)/centrobolus-titanophilus-size-dimorphism-shows-width-based-variability.pdf Mark Cooper.Arthropods,2019,8(2):80-86 The present research aimed to study the sexual size dimorphism of Centrobolus titanophilus. Diplopoda illustrated reversed sexual size dimorphism (SSD) where one sex was larger than an other. The SSD of C. titanophilus was shown from data taken in the Cape Province, South Africa. The average size of C. titanophilus was 285 by 41.875 mm (n=8); the smaller sex was 276.6667 by 40.6667 mm (n = 5) and the larger sex was 290 by 42.6 mm (n = 3). Absolute size was estimated (x=418.3596 mm3; y=359.3327 mm3) and used to calculate the difference between the sexes based on differences in tergite width (t=1.85901, p=0.084172, n=8). The SSD ratio for C. titanophilus was 1.164268 which differed from 1 (t=2.70801, p=0.012845, n=8). http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2019-8(3)/butterflies-of-Gosekhurd-region-of-Godavari-basin.pdf Kishor G. Patil, Virendra A. Shende, S. B. Uke.Arthropods,2019,8(3):87-96 Wainganga river valley hosts major part of lush green landscape; which is ecologically one of the most significant regions of peninsular India. Gosekhurd reservoir is one of the largest irrigation projects of central India, geographically located 20.8738154N 79.6081781E on Wainganga River. This region consists of rich and diverse ecosystems of flora and fauna. The investigations on butterfly diversity in relation to their ecological status have been carried out for a period of three year from April 2014 to March 2017. A total of 122 species of butterflies are recorded belonging to 5 families and 76 genera. Out of total 122 butterfly species 45.90% (56), 40.98% (50) and 13.11% (16) are common, occasional and rare respectively. Maximum number, i.e., 40 species from 23 genera, are reported in family Nymphalidae. Family Lycaenidae represents 38 species from 24 genera. Family Pieridae consisting of 20 species belonging to 12 genera. Family Hesperiidae reporting 17 species from 14 genera and minimum 7 species represent 3 genera from family Papilionidae. 20 rare butterfly species specifically reported during this study. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2019-8(3)/devices-to-generate-renewable-energy-from-honey-bee-hives.pdf Hossam F. Abou-Shaara.Arthropods,2019,8(3):97-101 There is a need for finding new, clean and cheap energy sources. Honey bees, on the other side, provide the agricultural sector with essential pollination service to crops. One hive contains thousands of bees, and hundreds of hives can be kept in one place (i.e. apiary). This study, for the first time, describes designs for the possibility of producing electricity from honey bee hives utilizing the kinetic energy of bees. The generated energy is expected to be clean and cheap, and without any negative impacts on the bees. The produced energy can be increased using large number of hives and can be stored. This study provides a new trend to produce energy from insects. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2019-8(3)/size-dimorphism-and-directional-selection-in-forest-millipedes.pdf Mark Cooper.Arthropods,2019,8(3):102-109 Sexual Size Dimorphism (SSD) in the diplopod genus Centrobolus has a positive correlation with body size. Length, width and rings are the main components of interspecific variation in diplopod species. Interspecific variation in size was calculated in 6 species and data sets tested for normality. All data observed and tested were normal. Intersexual variation (coefficients of variation) in length and width was compared in 9 species using MEDCALC. In C. digrammus, C. inscriptus, and C. silvanus there was significant directional selection for slender males. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2019-8(4)/walking-leg-regeneration-in-four-species-of-antarctic-sea-spiders.pdf John A. Fornshell.Arthropods,2019,8(4):110-117 Observations of wound healing and regeneration of walking legs in specimens of Nymphon australe Hodgson, 1902, Nymphon charcoti Bouvier, 1911, Colssendeis tortipalpus Gordon, 1932 and Pentapycnon charcoti Bouvier 1910 archived in the U. S. National Museum of Natural History collections is reported. One hundred and ninety-four specimens of N. australe were analyzed for evidence of regeneration. Blastema formation and or regenerated limbs of reduced size were found in 64 individuals, 38%. Forty-four specimens of N. charcoti were analyzed for evidence of regeneration. A blastema and/or regenerated limbs of reduced size were found in 12 individuals, 27%. Fifteen specimens of Colssendeis tortipalpus were analyzed for evidence of regeneration. Five individuals, 33%, had either a fully regenerated walking leg of reduced size or a blastema was present. Ten individuals of Pentapycnon charcoti were analyzed for evidence of regeneration. None of these animals showed signs of regeneration. The Preferred Breaking Point (PBP), position of autotomy, was between coxa 1 and coxa 2. Regenerated limbs having all segments, but of reduced size were found in 5 specimens. In some cases, more than one walking legs had been regenerated or were in the process of regenerating as indicated by the presence of a blastema. A blastema formed on the end of the first segment of the chelophore was observed in a single specimen of N. australe. A blastema which was formed at the end of the second segment of the ovigerous appendage of C. tortipalpus was also observed. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2019-8(4)/first-record-of-crab-Droippe-quadridens.pdf KhaledKh Al-Khafaji, Tariq H.Y. Al-Maliky, Anwar M.J. Al-Maliky.Arthropods,2019,8(4):118-126 The present study is important in concerning the ecological and classification of the native and invasive species to the Iraqi coast in the north-west of the Arabian Gulf. It has been noted that there is a recent trend to record many decapod crustaceans species in general and marine crabs in particular. The aim of the presence article is to find out diversity and distribution of the dorippid crabs (family: Dorippidae) in addition to other brachyuran crabs species in the subtidal zone along the Iraqi coast. The present study was conducted in summer and winter months from April 2016 to March 2017. Three sites for collection of samples along the Iraqi coast were selected, site 1 in Khor Abudallah canal, site 2 in the coastal region around south Al-Fao town, and site 3 in Rass Al-Besha area. Sampling was carried out using a shrimp's trawler nets. One of the important results of this study is that specimens of the crab Dorippe quadridens (Fabricius, 1793) were recorded for the first time along the Iraqi coasts. During this survey, seven species of other Brachyuran crabs were identified; belonging to the seven families. The study recommended continuous monitoring of the brachyuran crabs and other invertebrates species that inhabiting the Iraqi coast in order to provide basic information on the species diversity and distribution of marine crabs inhabiting this harsh environment. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2019-8(4)/xylophagous-millipede-surface-area-to-volume-ratios.pdf Mark Cooper.Arthropods,2019,8(4):127-136 A consistent effect of increasing precipitation (and resource abundance) on body size reductions is known as a water conservation hypothesis. Here a water conservation hypothesis was investigated in millipedes and a comparison made between high long-term mean annual precipitation of forest (750-1500 mm) and lower longterm mean annual precipitation of savanna (544 mm) biome species (n=29, 6). When the confounding effects of phylogeny, sexual dimorphism, sexual size dimorphism and size were controlled/removed, differences were found between six savanna species (Bicoxidens brincki, Doratogonus annulipes, Harpagophora spirobolina, Julomorpha hilaris, J. panda, Odontopyge tabulinus: 0,35975-2,632336 mm-1) and 29 forest species (Centrobolus: 0,000113-0,679931 mm-1; Sphaerotherium: 1,14271-3 mm-1) in the surface area: volume ratios. Savanna millipedes had size-independent surface area: volume ratios (0,519783 mm-1 in males and 0,823878 mm-1 in females). Differences occurred between size-independent savanna and size-dependent forest taxa in surface area: volume ratios (t=3.75191, p=0.000013, n=58,12) controlling for the derivation whereby length/width increase affected surface area equally. Female savanna millipedes were longer than female forest millipedes (t=2.26165, p=0.016156, n=22, 6). http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2019-8(4)/size-dimorphism-in-six-juliform-millipedes.pdf Mark Cooper.Arthropods,2019,8(4):137-142 Sexual Size Dimorphism (SSD) in the diplopod genera Bicoxidens, Doratogonus, Harpagophora, Julomorpha and Orthoporoides has length, width and rings as the main components of interspecific variation. Interspecific variation in size observed in B. bricki Schubart, 1966, D. annulipes Carl, 1917, H. spirobolina (Karsch, 1881), J. hilaris Attems, 1928, J. panda (Attems, 1928) and O. tabulinus (Attems, 1914) and the data sets were tested for normality. Male lengths differed from female lengths in all except J. hilaris which had different widths. Juliform millipedes appear to have decreased in size over evolutionary time and this study presents an interesting finding showing sexual dimorphism based on length in larger species and sexual dimorphism based on width in the smaller species. The reason for this has to do with the constraints imposed through a cylindrical body form which can be changed more powerfully through reducing width rather than length. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2019-8(4)/inventory-of-freshwater-arthropods-in-Pakistan.pdf Quddusi B. Kazmi, Farhana S. Ghory.Arthropods,2019,8(4):143-175 Inventory of free-living freswater arthropods, with synonymical bibliography, occurring in the Pakistani fresh waters is drawn up, almost entirely from taxonomical literature checked until now. Six hundred and thirty two taxa have been recorded since 1892, of these 239 species and sub-species are of Crustacea, 368 species and sub-species are of Insecta, 25 species and sub-species are of Arachnida as well as few unidentified species. The present inventory is composed of the collated records from the publications of the library and internet. Totally 266 selected publications are arranged as resource references. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2020-9(1)/occurrence-of-Acrocinus-longimanus.pdf Jefferson Bruno Bretas de Souza Oliveira, Walter Santos de Araujo.Arthropods,2020,9(1):1-6 The species Acrocinus longimanus, popularly called harlequin beetle, is one of the most emblematic beetles of Neotropical fauna. In the presente study we report on the first record of Acrocinus longimanus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the city of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The specimen was registered in November 2018 in the urban zone of Montes Claros in a residential and commercial area. This is the first record of Acrocinus longimanus in the city of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais and represents only the fourth record of the species in the Brazilian Cerrado region. Our study reinforces the occurrence of this species in the Brazilian Cerrado and the use of urban areas by this longhorned beetle. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2020-9(1)/digestive-proteases-and-alpha-amylase-of-red-palm-weevil-larvae.pdf Ashraf Oukasha Abd El-latif.Arthropods,2020,9(1):7-14 Activity of digestive enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin and alpha-amylase) in soluble protein extracted from the larval gut of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus was studied using specific substrates and enzyme inhibitors. Digestive enzyme activity showed a noticeable increase between day 5 and day 35. However, there was a noticeable decrease in the activity of trypsin protease on day 20. Maximum enzymes activity was observed at 40C and pH of 8-9 in case of trypsin and chymotrypsin and pH 7-8 in case of alpha-amylase. Extract of digestive enzyme were incubated with different inhibitors specific for different classes of enzymes. SBTI and TPCK inhibited both trypsin and chymotrypsin like enzymes while could not inhibit alpha-amylase activity. EDTA and urea inhibitors could inhibit the activity of alpha-amylase but have no inhibition effect against trypsin and chymotrypsin enzymes. Kinetic analysis revealed higher Km value and higher Vmax value for the trypsin specific substrate (BApNA) compared with the chymotrypsin specific substrate (BTpNA). On the other hands, the Vmax value recorded for BApNA substrate was 11 times more than of that recorded for BTpNA substrate. The kinetic analysis of alpha-amylase like activity revealed that the enzyme has strong affinity to it substrate with moderate Vmax value. Results of the current study provide a fundamental knowledge that can be used to devise control strategies against R. ferrugineus. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2020-9(1)/correlation-between-mass-and-copulation-duration-in-millipedes.pdf Mark Cooper.Arthropods,2020,9(1):15-20 Correlates of diplopod size include diet, copulation duration, energy expense of copulation, oxygen consumption, precipitation, sex and temperature. Sexual Size Dimorphism (SSD) in the diplopod genus Centrobolus has a positive correlation with body size and copulation duration. Intraspecific variation in mass was calculated in forest millipedes and correlated with copulation duration (R^2=0.68, d.f.=7, p=0.01). Interspecific variation in mass was calculated in forest millipede species and correlated with copulation duration (R=0.6711, R^2=0.4504, p=0.144473, n= 3, 3). http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2020-9(1)/kurtosis-and-skew-show-longer-males-in-Centrobolus.pdf Mark Cooper.Arthropods,2020,9(1):21-26 Sexual Size Dimorphism (SSD) in the diplopod genus Centrobolus has a positive correlation with body size. Length, width and rings are the main components of interspecific variation in diplopod species. Interspecific variation in size was calculated in 6 species and data sets tested for skewness and kurtosis. 28 values were positively skew and had positive kurtosis while 8 were negatively skew and 4 had negative kurtosis. In 6 cases width was positively skewed and in four cases it was negatively skewed. Length was positively skewed in all 6 species except C. titanophilus. Longer males were thought to have increased reproductive success through female preference for larger size when there was size assortative mating behaviour. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2020-9(2)/acoustic-monitoring-of-swimming-motions-in-slipper-lobster.pdf John A. Fornshell.Arthropods,2020,9(2):27-31 Members of the Malacostraca employ an escape swimming mode called a tail-flip. In this maneuver the uropods and telson are rapidly brought forward until they contact the ventral surface of the abdomen. This movement is the result of stimulation of the ventral cord giant fiber. When swimming at or near the surface the slipper lobster Scyllarides acquinoctialis produces a distinct acoustic signature with an average acoustic pulse duration of 82 milliseconds and peak amplitude between 0.1 kHz and 6.0 kHz. The acoustic signature of members of the Malacostraca can be exploited to passively monitor swimming motions in the marine environment. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2020-9(2)/honey-bees-animal-domestication.pdf Hossam F. Abou-Shaara.Arthropods,2020,9(2):32-37 Animal domestication depends on complex relationships between humans and animals. There are many questions related to the domestication still incompletely solved especially since animal domestication occurred at specific regions in the past, and the percentage of domesticated animals is low. It is not easy to change characteristics and behaviors of wild animals, and humans can only train them to do specific tasks in most cases. Some species of honey bees, genus Apis, are wild and others are domesticated. In this article, domestication steps of honey bees by humans was used as a model to explain the early domestication process for other animals and to present answers to unsolved questions. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2020-9(2)/heuristic-parsimony-and-molecular-analysis-of-variations.pdf Ma. Theresa Pareno, Cesar G. Demayo.Arthropods,2020,9(2):38-62 Morphological structures and phenotypic characteristics define the status of organisms. It serves as their landmark for easy identification. Samples of orb-weaving spiders were surveyed in selected areas in Mindanao, Philippines, to describe the extent of morphological variations in body structures. Aside from their colorful and spiny abdomen, characters other than generally used to describe species were explored to be able to find specific landmarks to determine these spiders' identity. These characters were also used in comparing the described variationsbetween species using a heuristic method and parsimony analysis. DNA barcoding analysis using mitochondrial DNACOI sequences was also used to strengthen species delineation. Qualitative and quantitative morphological descriptions of body parts of the collected orb-weaver spiders showed a total of 7 species: 2 species under the genus Thelacantha, one species is under the genus Cyrtarachne, and four species were under the Gasteracantha genus. Thelacantha brevispina originally described as G. mammosa has shown features that are remarkably different from two other species G. janopol, and G. diadesmia based on the number and color of sigilla, including the sternum and color of the abdomen. Parsimony analysis of the morphological characters shows two separate groups of spiders showing homologous and analogous characters that are present on different species from their nodes. Results of the DNA barcoding revealed that Gasteracantha and Thelacantha orb-weaving spiders are not taxonomically close. The results of this study imply that the classification of organisms must include not only using morphological features but should also use other tools such as DNA barcoding to be able to have a clearer understanding of both phenotypic and molecular differentiation between species. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2020-9(2)/zoomorphic-variation-with-copulation-duration-in-Centrobolus.pdf Mark Cooper.Arthropods,2020,9(2):63-67 Centrobolus typically has prolonged copulation as a form of syn-copula mateguarding. Variations in the copulation duration were calculated and analysed in four species of the millipede genus Centrobolus. Mean copulation durations differed between all four species but only two species were different intra-specifically. C. inscriptus was different from C. anulatus in copulation duration coefficient of variation (CV) (F=0.41490, d.f.=114, 7, p=0.04892) and C. fulgidus and C. anulatus were different in copulation duration CV (F=0.38912, d.f.=50, 7, p=0.04836). Copulation duration was variable intra-specifically but tends to be intermediate and determining evolutionarily (interspecifically). Copulation duration was significantly correlated (Spearman's Rho Calculator) with male and female volumes (r=1, p=0, n=4, 4; 4, 4). When I controlled for sex, I found copulation duration was significantly correlated with size (volumes) (r=0.6655, r2=0.4429, p=0.004897, n=8, 8). Larger male and female body size correlate with copulation duration both intra-specifically and interspecifically in millipedes, and perhaps in animals. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2020-9(3)/sound-producing-stridulitrum-in-mantis-shrimp.pdf John A. Fornshell.Arthropods,2020,9(3):68-73 There are three sound producing mechanisms employed in the Order Stomatopoda: (1) Sounds generated by raptorial appendages, the second maxillipeds used to attack prey organisms as described by Tirmizi and Kazmi (1984), Vetter and Caldwell (2015); (2) The "Stomatopod Rumble" in the family Gonodactyloidea involving the vibrations of the carapace by the posterior remoter muscle of the mandible (Patek and Caldwell, 2006); and (3) Stridulating structures (Stridulitrum) on the uropods and telson as described in Squilla empusa Say 1818 and in S. mantis (Linnaeus, 1758) by Brooks (1886a) and Giesbrecht (1910). The presence of stridulating structures has been used as a morphological character in defining, the Squillidea. The stridulating structures are on the back side of the endopod of the uropods and on the ventral surface of the telson. Little attention, however, has been paid to the detailed morphology of these stridulating structures. Members of the Family Squillidea use a stridulitrum to produce sounds. Electron micrographs of this structure in the Squillidea and were produced in this study. Images showing the detailed structure of four species of the genus Squilla and one from the genus Oratosquilla were analyzed. The clicking sound produced by the raptorial appendages of Squilla empusa Say 1818 was also studied (Say, 1818). Spectral analysis of these clicking sounds are presented. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2020-9(3)/variability-in-cephalothorax-shape.pdf Theresa Pareno, Cesar G. Demayo.Arthropods,2020,9(3):74-84 Spiders are dominant sit-and-wait predators, and they are of potential value in biological control by feeding on other insects. The sizes and shapes of the spider's body are considered essential for their survival, especially in prey capture. The cephalothorax of the genus Gasteracantha, for example, is considered not only as ahierarchical status of their predation success but also as a defense mechanism from environmental disturbances. It is believed, therefore, that investigating how populations of a species vary, especially those collected from various geographical locations, is important. Thus, in this study, morphometric variations in the cephalothorax of Gasteracantha kuhli from selected local populations were assessed using relative warp analysis (RWA). Thirty-one landmarks were identified in the cephalothorax; coordinates were taken, Procrustes-transformed, and relative warp analysis was conducted. Results of RWA showed significant population variability in the cephalothorax shapes within and between G. kuhli populations, especially on the spines. The observed morphological differences can be argued to reflect their success on how well they do in their growth, survival, and reproduction in different environments where the spiders were found to dwell and are reflected in their external phenotype. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2020-9(3)/conspicuousness-and-toxicity-of-Coccinellidae.pdf Muhammad Aslam.Arthropods,2020,9(3):85-91 Coccinellids (commonly known as ladybirds) mostly exhibit bright clouration and play a vital role in biological control of pests of important crops such as aphids and scale insects. Nevertheless, they are characterized by the possession of a group of unpleasant and poisonous defence chemicals. These chemicals along with bright colouration form an aposematic enemy barrier. Many conspicuously coloured adults of coccinellidae have elytra with contrasting red-and-black or yellow-and-black patterns generally serving as aposematic (warning) colouration. Larvae and pupae of ladybirds may also be aposematically coloured with dark and bright areas on their surface. In this review, the significance of colouration and toxicity in ladybirds has been highlighted. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2020-9(3)/new-spider-record-from-Turkey.pdf Osman Seyyar, Hakan Demir.Arthropods,2020,9(3):92-97 Berlandina nabozhenkoi is recorded for the first time from Turkey. Its general habitus and genitalia are illustrated. Description and collecting data of this species are also given. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2020-9(3)/dragonfly-fauna-of-district-Haripur.pdf Saira Bibi, Muhammad Fiaz Khan, Aqsa Rehman.Arthropods,2020,9(3):98-103 The present study was conducted from January to September 2018 in district Haripur, KP, Pakistan. A total of 200 specimens were collected and 2 families, 9 generas and 12 species were recorded. Dragonflies of family Libellulidae (170; 94.15%) were present in great abundance while the other two families were less distributed. Minimum number of dragonfly species belong to family Gomphidae (10; 5.85%). Orthetrum chrysis was recorded in greater number. We also measured their body length, and length of fore and hind wings. The highest length was found to be in Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798), with 23.5+-0.4, 17.5+-0.4, and 16+-2.0 mm length of body, fore and hind wings respectively. Further comprehensive study needed on their ecological role. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2020-9(3)/latitudinal-gradient-in-Gnomeskelus-species-richness.pdf Mark Cooper.Arthropods,2020,9(3):104-111 The Tropical Conservativism Hypothesis suggests processes of speciation, extinction and dispersal resulted in higher species richness at the tropics and declined away from the equator. Biogeographical Conservativism Hypothesis suggests that the processes invoked are not intrinsic to the tropics but were dependent on historical biogeography to determine the distribution of species richness. 77 valid species were identified as belonging to the genus Gnomeskelus in order to test between the two hypotheses. There was a significant correlation between the number of species and latitudinal degrees away from the equator (r=-0.7145, r2=0.5105, n=77, p less than 0.00001). Alternatively, there may be an evolutionary preference for temperate environments appearing to have led to climatic constraints on dispersal based primarily on temperature seasonality gradients. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2020-9(3)/Latrodectus-hasselti-Thorell.pdf Naveed Akhtar, Muhammad Tahir, Faheem Nawaz, Muhammad Idnan.Arthropods,2020,9(3):112-118 This paper reports first sighting of medically important Latrodectus hasselti (Thorell, 1870) from Punjab, Pakistan. As this species has not previously reported from Punjab spider fauna of Pakistan, the brief illustration of this species is narrated along with comments on its natural history global distribution. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2020-9(4)/biochemical-characterization-of-digestive-carbohydrases.pdf Bahareh Rafiei, Mohammad Ghadamyari, Sohrab Imani, Vahid Hosseininaveh, Ali Ahadiyat, Mahboobeh Sharifi.Arthropods,2020,9(4):119-128 The Moroccan locust, Dociostaurus maroccanus (Thunberg), is an agricultural pest which has caused considerable agricultural damage and economic importance. alpha-/beta-Glucosidases and alpha-/beta-Galactosidases are essential enzymes in the carbohydrate digestion of insect pest. Characterization of digestive enzymes is essential for gathering knowledge to production of resistant plants, in this research alpha-/beta-Glucosidases and alpha-/beta-Galactosidase from D. maroccanus. Results showed that the activities of alpha-/beta-Glucosidases were higher than those of alpha-/beta-Galactosidase in digestive system Moroccan locust. Maximum activity for alpha-Glucosidase was at pH 4. Optimum activity for beta-Glucosidases and alpha-/beta-Galactosidase were found at pH 5. The D. maroccanus alpha-/beta-Glucosidases and alpha-/beta-Galactosidases have an optimum temperature activity at 45, 55, 45, and 55 oC, respectively. As calculated using Lineweaver-Burk plots, the Km were about 3.96 +- 0.005, 1.927 +- 0.04, 1.051 +- 0.07, 0.558 +- 0.02 mM for alpha-/beta-Glucosidases and alpha-/beta-Galactosidase, respectively. Fe2+, Hg+, Zn2+, and EDTA inhibited carbohydrases activity, whereas the addition of Mg2+ and K+ increased enzyme activity. The zymogram pattern in the native gel revealed that alpha-/beta-Glucosidases and alpha-/beta-Galactosidases in the digestive system showed 3, 2, 1 and 1 major bands, respectively. Biochemical characterization of digestive carbohydrases is essential for achieving new and safe methods for pest control. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2020-9(4)/wing-characters-of-honey-bee.pdf Shahram Dadgostar, Jamasb Nozari, Gholamhossein Tahmasbi.Arthropods,2020,9(4):129-138 The honey bee is the most useful insect in the environment for its pollination and productions. The Apis genus has some species and subspecies all over the world and Apis mellifera is the most famous species among them. Many characters such as morphological and genetical variability were used to discriminate A. mellifera races that one of the useful morphological characters is wing perimeter which we use in the current study. Honey bee samples were collected from six provinces of Iran and transfer into 96 % alcohol. About 60 worker bees were used to the slide preparation from each population. Slides were prepared from the right forewing of samples, and digital images of forewings were photographed by using a CCD video camera (Sony, Dinolite 2). ImageJ software was used to measure the perimeter of forewing as a new character, cubital index, length and width of forewing, A4- D7- G18 angles and then data were analyzed by R package, PAST and SPSS software. The results has shown that there are significant differences between the forewings in various populations and the highest and the lowest forewing perimeters were obtained from Isfahan and West Azerbaijan respectively. Also, the correlation between wing perimeter and other characters of the forewing was evaluated. Wing perimeter is an important character that can affect on foraging behavior and flight ability, ultimately this feature will influence on the colony fitness. Also, this character can be used as a new method for discriminating honey bee populations based on morphological measurements. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2020-9(4)/morpho-taxonomic-study-of-some-planktonic.pdf Farhana S. Ghory.Arthropods,2020,9(4):139-154 Present study deal with the identification of planktonic caught megalopal stages of different crab species. Zooplankton samples were collected from Clifton and Manora Channel (Karachi, Pakistan). The stages are described, illustrated and compared with available literature. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2020-9(4)/microhabitat-preference-and-biology-of-Holconia-insignis.pdf Akamu Jude Ewunkem, Christophe Parr Mbua, Nelson Neba Ntonifor.Arthropods,2020,9(4):155-163 The abundance of Holconia insignis in banana plantations in Cameroon is a matter of concern. However, to date there have been no published studies that specifically synthetize information on the seasonal abundance and biology of H. insignis in banana plantation agroecosystem. In this study we made intensive samplings to study the seasonal response of H. insignis across different banana plant stratain a banana agroecosystem in Cameroon while the biology of H. insignis was studied in the laboratory. Our results demonstrated that seasonal patterns of H. insignis differed among strata. Female H. insignis attached her egg sacin which she oviposited 238.3 +- 4.2 eggs in loose peudostems and banana bunches. The female guarded the egg sac until hatching. Females required longer development time than males. Our results underscore the importance of ecology and biology of H. insignis that facilitate the development of appropriate management for H. insignis. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2020-9(4)/latitudinal-gradient-in-species-richness-of-Sphaerotherium.pdf Mark Cooper.Arthropods,2020,9(4):164-170 The Tropical Conservativism Hypothesis and Biogeographical Conservativism Hypothesis were tested in forest millipedes. Latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) was measured in the genus Sphaerotherium in order to distinguish between the two hypotheses. There was a significant correlation between the number of species and latitudinal degrees away from the equator (r=-0.8701, r2=0.7571, n=46, p less than 0.00001). An evolutionary preference for temperate environments appearing to have led to climatic constraints on dispersal based primarily on precipitation seasonality gradients was suggested. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2020-9(4)/first-record-of-some-jumping-spiders.pdf Pawan U. Gajbe.Arthropods,2020,9(4):171-174 Spiders are one of the most familiar and studied groups of arthropods. They are ubiquitous in most terrestrial ecosystems preying on other arthropods as well as their own type. Jumping spiders belong to family Salticidae and constitute the largest family of spiders. While studying animal diversity in Pench National Park, Maharashtra State, India, five species of jumping spiders were identified, which have not been previously described from the study area. These five species of jumping spiders, namely, Hasarius adansoni, Menemerus bivittatus, Plexippus paykulli, Plexippus petersi, and Telamonia dimidiata are new records for Pench National Park, Maharashtra. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2021-10(1)/environmental-and-soil-gradient-effects-on-biodiversity.pdf Haroon, Arif Jan, Emmanuel Chidiebere Edeh, Mujeeb ur Rahman, Zahid Khan, Jan Muhammad, Hanif Khan, Irfan Ullah, Ihsan Ali, Ihsan Muhammad, Tauseef Ahmad, LianXi Xing.Arthropods,2021,10(1):1-17 The natural territory disturbance, losses, and degradation are real and alarming threats to the ecosystem. The population of butterflies remains arbitrary in prairie residuals and linear range habitats. Such environments are low, isolated, and sub-quality than intact prairies - biodiversity losses associated with ecosystems regulating services and supporting services. Therefore, the present study was conducted on environmental variables and soil gradient and its effects on butterfly colonies in tehsil Tangi, Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 506 specimens of butterflies and soil samples were collected from different localities randomly. Butterflies were collected with aerial nets, searching, and picking method, and taken to the laboratory for identification and recording concerning each location every two weeks from August 2014 to May 2015. The similarity index among individuals was 246 (47%), while among species 45.5 (8.62%) and Catopsilia pyranthe were at (35/122; 14/30; 7/14; 6.91/24.11) position, similarly in dissimilarity index, Catopsilia ponoma was at (58/122; 19/30; 9/14; 11.460/24.11) position. The density revealed that the Danauas chrysippus was the most abundant species 122/506. Similarly, among environmental gradients, silt associated considerably with pH, wilting point (Wp), field capacity (Fc), bulk density (Bd), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Shy) and available water (Aw) (p approximately equals to 0.000), sand with pH, Wp, Fc and Bd (p approximately equals to 0.000), pH with Wp, Fc and Bd (p approximately equals to 0.000), Wp with Fc, Bd, and Aw (p approximately equals to 0.000), Fc with Bd and Aw (p approximately equals to 0.000). We concluded that low latitude and altitude, excessive amounts of insecticides and pesticides show a significant impact on butterflies' diversity. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2021-10(1)/seasonal-variation-and-biology-of-Delena-cancerides.pdf Akamu Jude Ewunkem, Nelson Neba Ntonifor, Christophe Parr Mbua.Arthropods,2021,10(1):18-33 Bananas are the fourth-ranked agricultural crop in monetary value. Cameroon is one of the world top producers of bananas. Huntsman spiders are often seen in commercial banana agroecosystems in Cameroon and bananas destined for export causing fear among handlers and customers. High population density of Delena cancerides are ubiquitous in commercial banana agroecosysyems in Cameroon. However, no information has been made available regarding the biology and ecology of D. cancerides in banana agroecosystem. In this study we accessed habitat distribution during the rainy and dry seasons and biology of D. cancerides. Delena cancerides were commonly found under barks of pseudeostems, spaces between leaf petioles and sometimes on foliage. The population of D. cancerides significantly increased during the dry season and declined during the rainy season. A significantly (t=5.4, df=46, P less than 0.05) higher number of D. cancerides was seen on preflowering pseudostems (ca 61.4%) than pseudostems with bunches (ca 37.9%). The population of D. cancerides was significantly (t=6.5, df=22, P less than 0.05) greater in the morning (ca 58.9%) than in the afternoon (ca 41.1%). After mating, the female produced an egg sac 21+-0.6mm in which she laid 70.8+-0.8 eggs and stood guard over it without eating. At ca 29+-0.6d after oviposition, the eggs hatched into 60.3+-1.4 spiderlings. Females required a significantly (t=0.7, df=18, P greater than 0.05) longer time to develop (339.4+-49.0d) compared to the males. These findings may help facilitate the accumulation of data about D. cancerides and its role in shaping invertebrate communities in a banana agroecosystem. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2021-10(1)/new-harvestmen-record-from-Turkey-Opilio-silvestris.pdf Kemal Kurt, Halil Koc.Arthropods,2021,10(1):34-37 Opilio silvestris (Opiliones: Phalangiidae) is recorded in Turkey for the first time. The morphological characteristics are briefly described. Its dorsal view, chelicerae, pedipalp and genitalia are also presented. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2021-10(2)/effects-of-biological-control-on-biodiversity-of-insects.pdf Sahar Sorkhabi Abdolmaleki, Ahad Sahragard, Mohammad Reza Damavandian, Seyyed Yousef Mousawi Toghani.Arthropods,2021,10(2):38-52 In this research, insect populations in citrus orchards of Hadishahr, Babolsar, Mazandaran Province, Iran, under different pest managements for two seasons (summer and autumn) from late June to late December 2017 were evaluated by installation of sticky yellow cards and investigation of branches and leaves of trees and then biodiversity indicesin different orchards were estimated. Analysis of data of foliage samples showed that in summer, the amount of Brillouin diversity index, species richness and frequency in free pesticides protocol orchard were more than the other two orchards, but the average of Simpson diversity index in low input orchard was the most. In autumn, the mean of Simpson and Shannon-Weiner diversity indices and all of the evenness indices in low input orchard were higher than the two conventional and free pesticides protocol orchards; however, the frequency in free pesticides protocol orchard showed higher amount than low input and conventional orchards. Diversity of natural enemies and pests in foliage and sticky yellow card samples, in free pesticides protocol orchard was more than other two orchards. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2021-10(2)/butterfly-diversity-in-Kumakh-Rural-Municipality.pdf Jiban Sharma, Lila Paudel.Arthropods,2021,10(2):53-59 Butterflies are well studied insects in the world. However, very limited studies are conducted in Karnali Province of Western Nepal and most of them are limited within the protected areas. And the Salyan district is one of areas where no any documented information on butterflies is available. So, this study is conducted in the Kumakh Rural Municipality; northern part of Salyan district, Karnali Province to document checklist of butterflies species present there. As this research conducted during the global pandemic and nationwide lockdown periods due to COVID-19, home point survey methods was adopted. Altogether 45 species of butterflies recorded belong to five families were recorded from the study area. Family Nymphalidae (69%) was dominant in the study area followed by families Lycaenidae (11%), Pieridae (9%), Hesperlidae (7%), and Papilionidae (4%) respectively. Further systematic research including diversity monitoring is recommended to prepare the checklist of butterflies along the altitudinal gradient in Kumakh Rural Municipality. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2021-10(2)/diversity-of-odonates.pdf Pawan U. Gajbe.Arthropods,2021,10(2):60-65 Rapid urbanisation is mainly responsible for the degradation and fragmentation of natural ecosystems in urban areas. Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) constitute an important part of urban biodiversity. The odonate larval stage is aquatic and being dependent on freshwater ecosystems, odonates are often used as ecological indicators for such ecosystems. Both larval and adult odonates are carnivorous and prey on other insects including mosquitoes. Hence, they perform an important role as predators in the ecosystems where they are found. In this study, the impact of a small artificial water source on the diversity of odonates in an urban landscape has been evaluated. The impact of the water source was found to be positive as its availability resulted in an increase in odonate diversity. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2021-10(3)/biological-role-of-marigold-in-habitat-manipulation.pdf Kari Iamba, Chen Teksep.Arthropods,2021,10(3):66-81 The re-designing of agricultural systems in integrated pest management (IPM) has been aimed at reducing the use of synthetic pesticides to manage pests. In conservation biological control, the cropping habitat is manipulated to provide vital resources that are required by natural enemies to suppress pest populations. Habitat manipulation is an example of conservation biological control where non-host plants are incorporated in a crop field to provide floral resources, refuges and alternate hosts for natural enemies. We tested the Mexican marigold (Tagetes erecta Linnaeus) in upland rice plots to attract natural enemies. The paradigm was to manipulate the rice habitat with marigold plants to provide vital resources that are needed by natural enemies to suppress pest populations. From the four marigold treatments applied, plots that had only T. erecta (T2) as barrier plants attracted the highest population of natural enemy complex (i.e. Apanteles sp., Telenomus sp., Oxypes javanus and Coelophora inaequalis). Conversely, the population of pest complex (i.e. Spodoptera litura, Sirpophaga incertulas and Leptocorisa acuta) was significantly low under T2. Plots that received a treatment combination of T. erecta and its extract (T4) had the second highest population natural enemies. Both control (T1) and T. erecta extract (T3) treatments had low natural enemy populations. This study has proven that T. erecta is a vital plant that maintains and sustains a high natural enemy biodiversity. More natural enemies are attracted to T. erecta plants resulted in a decline in pest population. By combining T. erecta and its extract, a duel mechanism for pests mortality is being utilized via utilization of plant material for botanical insecticide and floral resources for natural enemies. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2021-10(3)/species-composition-diversity-of-ticks.pdf Ngangnang Ghislain Romeo, Aktas Munir, Keptcheu Tchankwe Desire, Fonteh Anyangwe Florence, Vincent Khan Payne.Arthropods,2021,10(3):82-96 Ticks are haematophagous ectoparasites infesting wilds and domestic animals as well as humans and, are considered after mosquitoes to be the principal vectors for the transmission of various pathogens. The ixodid tick fauna remains poorly understood and the aim of the present study was to determine their species composition, species diversity and predilection sites as well as their relative frequency, infestation abundance and intensity of infestation amongst cattle in the Western Highlands of Cameroon. In present study, a total of 2348 ticks were collected both on 182 cattle and vegetation and identified at species level using a valid identification keys. Three life stages: adults (91.52%), nymphs (5.88%) and larvae (2.6%), four genera: Amblyomma (50.8%), Rhipicephalus (35.44%), Hyalomma (0.46%) and Haemaphysalis (5.24%) and nine species of ticks: Amblyomma variegatum (42.42%), Rhipicephalus (B) decoloratus (17.97%), Rhipicephalus (B) microplus (13.67%), Amblyomma hebraeum (8.4%), Hyalomma rufipes (8.05%), Haemaphysalis leachi (5.24%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (2.47%), Rhipicephalus (B) annulatus (1.32%) and Hyalomma truncatum (0.46%) were found. The overall prevalence of infestation was 78.57%. Cattle with the poor body condition score (88.17%) were the most infested while the most infested sites of attachment were perineum (37.64%). The infestation abundance was assessed to 10.15 ticks per cattle. The intensity of infestation was assessed to 12.93 ticks per infested cattle and, the perineum (4.86 ticks/cattle) and Amblyomma variegatum (4.87 ticks/cattle) were respectively the body part and the species having the highest intensity burden. Simpson index (Ds) of dominance weighted towards the abundance of the commonest species Amblyomma variegatum (0.17), Rhipicephalus (B) decoloratus (0.03%) and Rhipicephalus (B) microplus (0.01%). The SHE analysis showed that cattle and vegetation were occupied by common species. These results have permitted to improve and update the knowledge on the status of ticks present in the Western Highlands of Cameroon and might help to build up the best control strategies. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2021-10(3)/effectiveness-of-a-sprayer-UAV-controlling-cotton-bollworm.pdf Mahmoud Jokar, Amir Masoud Shafiee Pour, Abbas Rezaei Asl, Shahram Nowrouzieh.Arthropods,2021,10(3):97-107 Chemical control is a common way against cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), a key cotton pest, in developing countries. Therefore, the main objective of current study was to compare the effect of three common sprayers including Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), Boom sprayer and Hand lance tractor mounted sprayer in controlling cotton bollworm. To evaluated two important spray characteristics such as Volume Median Diameter (VMD) and Percent area coverage (AC) on a canopy, labeled Water Sensitive Papers were installed in three different plant positions (top, middle and bottom) and stain of droplets analysed by ImageJ(R) software. To Assessment of larval H. armigera management, the number of H. armigera larvae was recorded (on 10 random plants per strip-plot) after Thiodicarb (Larvin(R) 75% WP) spraying (before and 1,3,5, 7 and 14 days after spraying). The mortality was transformed by sqrt(x) + 0.1 and analyzed by SAS(R) software. The highest and lowest percentage of coverage belonged to lance sprayer (5.5%) and UAV (2.94%), respectively at the top of plants. Although the spraying characteristics (AC and VMD) of the UAV were not good, the larval mortality on the third day after spraying was 61.1% significantly different from the other sprayer types. UAVs are alternative spraying ways in high-dense cotton canopy fields to save plants and larval management at the same time. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2021-10(3)/DNA-barcodes-of-COI-sequences-of-rice-black-bugs.pdf Melbert C. Sepe, Mark Anthony J. Torres, Cesar G. Demayo.Arthropods,2021,10(3):108-119 The rice black bugs (RBB) from the Philippines are argued to be comprised of many cryptic species. Still, they are also claimed to be only one species having many morphological variant forms. Arguably, RBBs are regarded as a 'problem species' with a 'species problem' To be able to understand the nature of the complexities observed in this group of insect pests, the Paleontological Statistics Software (PAST) was used to perform neighbor-joining analysis of thirty morphological characters, and DNA barcodes of COI sequences. The data matrix subjected to the Neighbor-Joining Method of analysis used the Kimura parameter bootstrapped 1000 times to determine the nature of morphological diversity. Genomic DNA (gDNA) from different RBBs extracted from the leg and head tissues, sequenced, and processed were also subjected to neighbor-joining analysis to determine how the different RBBs were phylogenetically related. Based on the analysis of morphological data, 11 out of 30 characters were consistent across all the RBB groups examined. Three morphologically differentiated groups were observed to differ from the standard taxonomic character traits of S. coarctata. The results of DNA barcoding for the RBB COI sequences showed only RBB Palawan was the only one to differ from the other RBB populations, thus indicating RBB Palawan could be a new species of Scotinophara. While morphometric variations were observed, the two Mindanao groups could be due to phenotypic plasticity, which may be attributed to adaptation in different environmental conditions. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2021-10(4)/seasonality-and-movement-patterns-of-butterflies.pdf Buddhika Weerakoon, Kithsiri Ranawana.Arthropods,2021,10(4):120-129 The seasonality of butterflies in the intermediate zone of Sri Lanka was assessed by monitoring the abundance, diversity and occurrence of butterflies in Maragamuwa Forest Regeneration Study Site (FRSS), which consists of two forest types: moderately mature forest of 30 years age (refers as Late Secondary Forest-LSF) and much younger forest of 10 years old (refers as Early Secondary Forest-ESF). The highest butterfly abundance in FRSS was recorded in October to December followed by April to June. In ESF butterfly abundance and species richness were high in October to December (n=26) followed by March and April (n=25) which are the rainy seasons. But in LSF butterfly abundance and richness were high in May and June (n=43), which is the dry season. Most of butterflies recorded throughout the year, while some species recorded only in wet season. Two butterfly migratory seasons were identified in October and March. Appias galane and Catopsilia pomona were the main species migrate in October and Appias albino and Cepora nerissa migrated in March. The study had concluded that butterfly seasonality was associated with the climate; and the local movement of butterflies within adjoining forest habitats had caused the temporal variation of the community. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2021-10(4)/cell-division-cytogenetical-index-chromosome.pdf Fatemeh Farsi, Jamasb Nozari.Arthropods,2021,10(4):130-139 Investigation of various tissues of immature stages Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) from Iran was examined in an attempt to determine its cell division. In addition, the Metaphase plate of the wasp is evaluated to elucidate its chromosome feature and asymmetry/ symmetry karyotype. We found that: 1) Brain tissue of prepupa and early hours of the pupa stage are the highest mitotic index (%) and metaphase index, 2) The number of haploid chromosomes of the wasp is n = 5, and 3) The karyotype of the wasp is almost symmetrical. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2021-10(4)/cranial-morphology-of-Deudorix-isocrates.pdf Ravindrakumar D. Patil, Vinaykamal D. Dethe.Arthropods,2021,10(4):140-151 Deudorix isocrates (Fab.) is a globally important agricultural pest. The study regarding this pest is mostly concentrated on its management. Several morphologically significant features have been overlooked. In the present study we examined the structure and function of the larval cranial morphology and its appendages. The description is based on the detailed morphological study of cranial sutures, cranial areas, antennae and mouthparts of the fourth instar larva. The cranial structures and appendages are found significant to understand pest activity and taxonomic features. Supporting to the pest activities, the larva has usual the lepidopterous pattern of biting and cutting mouthparts consisting of labrum, mandibles and maxillolabial-hypopharyngeal complex. This type of mouthparts helps to cut fruit rind and make an entrance hole while infesting the fruit. The results add to our knowledge of larval cranial capsule, antennae and mouthparts morphology and provide a standard for further research on the morphological characters of Deudorix isocrates (Fab.) http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2021-10(4)/new-record-of-Aretes-indicus.pdf Farhana Shafiq Ghory, Quddusi Bashir Kazmi.Arthropods,2021,10(4):152-157 The alpheid shrimp, Aretes indicus Coutiere, 1903 is reported for the first time at the northern Arabian Sea. The species is known to have a symbiotic relationship with the rock boring intertidal dwelling sea urchins. The present shrimps were found in an old undated sample which contained sea urchin Echinometra mathaei. Apparently the shrimp was dislodged while transferring the sample from coast to the lab and during handling in preservation. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2022-11(1)/biological-parameters-of-Habrobracon-hebetor.pdf Ghadir Momenian, Mohammad Hasan Sarayloo, Ali Afshari.Arthropods,2022,11(1):1-17 Habrabracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is one of the most important biocontrol agents of insect pests in conducting IPM programs. In the present study, the effect of successive mass rearing by several generations on some biological parameters of H. hebetor was studied under laboratory conditions (28+-2oC, R.H. 65+-5 % and L:D (16:8)). The results of the analysis of variance showed that continuous rearing in different generations had a significant effect on all parameters (p less than 0.05). Eighth generation (G8) had the longest preadult stages longevity and the percentage of sex ratio with averages of 12.14 days and 66.48 (female / female+male), respectively. The longest oviposition period and highest female longevity with the averages of 18.88 and 21.88 days, respectively, was observed in the ninth generation (G9). The highest percentage of larval and pupal mortality was observed in the G1 with averages of 1.20 and 10.83%, respectively. The results also showed that the highest number of eggs laid (fecundity), pupal hatching, daily parasitism, and paralysis of larvae with averages of 14.24 eggs per female, 99.56%, 3.98 larvae, and 59.8 larvae, respectively, belonged to the fifth generation (G5). Finally, the results showed that mass rearing in continuous generations affected the biological parameters of H. hebetor and the fifth generation (G5) had the highest quality compared to other generations. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2022-11(1)/diversity-of-spiders.pdf Rajendra Singh, Garima Singh.Arthropods,2022,11(1):18-55 An updated checklist of faunal biodiversity of the spiders, in two norther states of India, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand is presented herewith. A total of 520 species of spiders described under 236 genera belonging to 50 families were recorded in both the states of north India. The biodiversity of spiders is more in Uttar Pradesh (284 species, 146 genera, 36 families) than Uttarakhand (373 species, 202 genera, 45 families). However, most of the areas in both the states are still virgin regarding the faunal survey programmes and need intensive and extensive survey in those areas by enthusiastic workers. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2022-11(1)/dragonflies-and-damselflies.pdf Ashish Tiple, Rahul Bhende, Parag Dandge.Arthropods,2022,11(1):56-64 Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) species diversity was studied in the Seloo city from 2011 to 2021. Its geographical location is 20083'73''N; 78070'70''E; 265 m. A total of 62 species of odonates belonging to 2 Suborders and 8 families were recorded. The highest number of odonates belong to the family Libellulidae (30 species) followed by Coenagrionidae (13 species), Aeshnidae (5 species), Gomphidae (4 species), Platycenemididae (3 species) and Lestidae (4 species), Macromiidae (2 species) and Chlorocyphidae (1 species). Of the total, 30 species were abundant or very common, 16 were common, 6 were not rare, 7 rare and 3 very rare. Among all, 3 species were Data Deficient, Indothemis carnatica (Fabricius, 1798) are listed as Near Threatened and 57 were least concern in IUCN red-list of threatened species. The observations support the value of the Seloo city area in providing valuable resources for Odonata. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2022-11(1)/fenpropathrin-residue.pdf Bahareh Rafiei, Seyed Reza Bastan.Arthropods,2022,11(1):65-71 Chemical pesticides are used worldwide to control pests. This study investigated the residues of the pesticide fenpropathrin in greenhouse tomatoes (Vendor variety). Sample preparation was performed by QuEChERS method, and solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges were used for purification. Residual evaluation of this pesticide was carried out using doses (1, 2, and 4 g/lit) in greenhouse tomatoes. Samples were collected at intervals of one, three, five, seven, and ten days after spraying and analyzed by chromatographic gas spectroscopy. The results were compared with the maximum residue level (MRL equals to 0.5 mg/kg) established by Codex Alimentarius. The recovery of fenpropathrin was estimated to be 98.68% at a level of 0.5 ppm. In addition, the preharvest period for fenpropathrin 2 g/lit was determined in greenhouse tomatoes 3 days after spraying. The results also illustrated that increasing the dose of pesticide enhanced the remaining amount. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2022-11(2)/Behavior-of-pomegranate-fruit-borer.pdf Ravindrakumar D. Patil.Arthropods,2022,11(2):72-80 Deudorix isocrates is one of the serious pests of pomegranate, Punica granatum. The present study was undertaken as behavioral understanding of pests has crucial significance in pest management. The present study deals with larval behavior like searching period, selection of site to enter in the fruit, increase in size of entrance hole, selection of sites for pupation and adult behavior with respect to oviposition and fecundity. It was found that the gravid female rarely lays egg on a flower, the twigs and the underside of leaves. The calyx end of fruit is the most preferred site of egg laying (68.65%) than other parts like the lower half (11.56%), the stalk base (8.31%), the upper half (7.49%) and the middle region (3.97%) of the fruit. After hatching, the most of the neonate larvae (32%) consumed 16 to 30 minutes of period to search suitable site to enter in the fruit. The searching period ranges between less than 15 minutes (6%) to more than 4 hours (2%) in the rare cases. The lower half of the fruit is the most suitable site for larval entry (57.77%) while the stalk base region of the fruit was rejected for larval entry (0%). The larvae cut the fruit rind to increase dimeter of entrance hole from the early to the late instar stages. It was found 0.84 mm in the first instar, 1.43 mm in the second instar, 2.68 mm in the third instar and 5.76 mm in the fourth instar stage of larva. While studying pupation sites it was revealed that maximum number of larvae (62.60%) pupated inside the fruit, least number (1.56%) of larvae pupated on the fruit surface. 2.43% of the larvae pupated inside the calyx while 33.39% of the larvae pupated somewhere else. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2022-11(2)/biology-of-purple-scale.pdf Somayeh Esmaeili, Mohammad Reza Damavandian, Ali Ahadiyat, Roohollah Faez.Arthropods,2022,11(2):81-96 The purple scale, Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), is one of the important citrus pests in Mazandaran Province, north ofIran. The bioecology of this pest was studied on citrus trees (Citrus aurantium) in citrus orchards of Mazandaran during 2018 and 2019. The results showed that this scale insect produces three generations per year and overwinters in the form of the second nymphal instars and adult females. A study on population flactuations revealed that the first generation of this pest, depending on the weather conditions, has been active since late May and its growth stages were completed in the first decade of August. Afterwards, the activity of the second generation begins and the first instar nymphs related to the second generation appear in the second decade of August. The activity of the third generation begins in the first decade of October. The crawlers disperse at the same time and the armored scale overwinters in the form of second nymph instars and adult females after establishing and completing growth. The trend of population fluctuations on the upper and lower of the leaves was similar. The activity of parasitoids was observed mainly on adult females in April to May and July to October, but the peak of their activity was in April to May. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2022-11(2)/zoeal-stages-of-Lysmata-vittata.pdf Farhana S. Ghory, Quddusi B. Kazmi.Arthropods,2022,11(2):97-119 The larvae of Hippolytidae show such diversity that it is impossible to frame any definition which will distinguish them as a whole from other Caridea (Gurney, 1942). The present information is based on the morpho-taxonomic study of the zoeal stages of Lysmata vittata (Stimpson, 1860). The ovigerous females of L. vittata was collected from Buleji. Larvae were hatched at room temperature 23-25oC, in filtered seawater of a salinity of 40-37 ppt and pH 7.8. Eight zoeal stages of L. vittata are described along with their illustrations, and compared with the available descriptions of its congener's larvae given earlier. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2022-11(2)/relationship-between-class-insecta-and-rodents.pdf Hakan Bozdogan, Annabel Banda, Tapiwa Gumbo.Arthropods,2022,11(2):120-126 Rodents are one of the largest order of mammals and they are ubiquitous worldwide. Research has been done over the past years globally to understand the function and ecological role of rodents. However little has been done to unravel the type of relationships which exist between rodents and insects across the taxa. In this article a description of rodents relationship with some insect species and some diseases was reviewed. The information was got from reviewing previous studies using online databases like PubMed, Hinari and google scholar. Insects in particular of the following orders: Coleoptera, Diptera and Siphonaptera have been found to associate more with rodents as a source of food, act as biological vectors for microorganisms, hosts for sucking insects and important in the obligatory ectoparasitism point for rodents. The mutual relationship which exists between rodents and fleas for instance is of great concern and attracts global attention from researchers, ecologists and medical practitioners. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2022-11(3)/potential-functions-of-mechanoreceptors-of-trilobite-larva.pdf John A. Fornshell.Arthropods,2022,11(3):127-134 In this study trilobite larvae and early juvenile stages of Limulus polyphemus (Linnaeus, 1758) are examined using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to examine the mechanoreceptors present on the cuticle. Three forms of mechanoreceptors were described on the trilobite larvae of L. polyphemus, (1) tactile sensilla, (2) peg sensilla and (3) helical sensilla. Tactile sensilla are adapted to detect touch. Peg sensilla are adapted to detect water currents and near field sound. The helical sensilla are new to science and their function is not known. The genus Limulus Muller 1785 has a fossil record from the Jurassic era, 148 million years. Before the Common Era (BCE) to the present. Having survived through the mass extinction at the end of the Mesozoic era, it is referred to as a "Stabilomorph". As a Stabilomorph the morphology of mechanoreceptors, specifically sensilla capable of sensing particle motions, found on trilobite larva of L. polyphemus may shed some light on the mechanisms of near field sound or particle motion detection in Jurassic seas. To detect particle motion, near-field sound energy, the sensory organ must extend through the boundary layer. The thickness of the boundary layer (delta) for particle motion in water is equal to [kinematic viscosity/sound wave frequency]^1/2, less than 200 um in the range of human hearing. The value of delta in air is 2.54 [kinematic viscosity/sound wave frequency]^1/2, about 1 to 2 millimeters in the range of human hearing. Therefore, the mechanoreceptors active in the detection of particle motion are typically shorter in aquatic animals compared to terrestrial animals. Near field sound energy is the dominant sound energy at a distance less than or equal to the wavelength. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2022-11(3)/efficacy-of-Olyset-nets-in-Aedes-mosquitoes.pdf Danilo A. Gualberto, Cesar G. Demayo.Arthropods,2022,11(3):135-147 With Chikungunya and Zika in the Philippines, there is an urgent need for effective methods to control Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in as much as these mosquitoes are not only vectors of Dengue but also of Chikungunya and Zika. Evaluation of the efficacy of Olyset nets was done in two approaches: (1) laboratory WHO cone bioassay on Olyset net and (2) comparative mosquito trap surveillance of dengue vector mosquitoes in DepEd classrooms with and without Olyset nets. During laboratory cone bioassay, % knockdown and % mortalities were recorded for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Penetrability tests were also done on Olyset nets. During comparative mosquito trap surveillance, the total Aedes capture in classrooms with Olyset nets was compared to Aedes capture in classrooms without Olyset nets. Ae. aegypti showed A 54% percent knockdown and 63% mortality Ae. albopictus showed 77% knockdown, and 79% mortality was shown in cone bioassay of Olyset nets. Penetrability test on Olyset nets showed 35% Ae. aegypti and 34% Ae. albopictus crossed the nets, but only 10% in Ae. aegypti and 6% in Ae. albopictus survived the crossing. Female adult and larval Aedes capture differed significantly between classrooms with Olyset nets and those without Olyset nets. But the observed lack of screen doors and poor physical integrity of Olyset nets in classrooms might compromise its efficacy. Based on WHO 98% susceptibility test criterion, there was probable insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquitoes to 2% permethrin in Olyset nets. In the classroom mosquito surveillance, significant differences of Aedes capture between classroom groups may have been obtained, but other observations indicated compromised efficacy of the Olyset nets. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2022-11(3)/new-record-of-genus-Clubiona-in-Turkey.pdf Ilhan Cosar, Tarik Danisman, SirinBahar Can.Arthropods,2022,11(3):148-152 This study reports a spider species which is new for the Turkish Araneo-fauna. The species, Clubiona pseudosimilis Mikhailov, 1990, was collected from Ardahan Province. Its characteristic features and photographs are presented. The distribution of species in Turkey is also mapped. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2022-11(3)/butterfly-diversity-and-abundance.pdf Gebreegziabher Hailay, Yihew Biru, Abeje Kassie.Arthropods,2022,11(3):153-163 Assessment of butterfly biodiversity at different habitat type s of Gozamen woreda, Amhara regional state, Ethiopia, studied from mid-June 2021 to mid-July 2021. There were 44 butterfly species from five families, with a total of 1023 individuals identified. The Nymphalidae family had the most diversity, while the Papilonidae and Hespariidae families had the least diversity. The diversity and abundance of butterflies reported at Gozamen woreda varied between the forest habitat and the mosaic habitat. The largest diversity and abundance of butterflies were found in the forest habitat, with 41 species and 680 individuals, and the lowest were found in the mosaic habitat, with 22 species and 343 individuals. The Simpson diversity indices were higher in the forest habitat (0.96) than in the mosaic habitat (0.94). The evenness index of butterflies was higher in the forest habitat (3.5) than in the mosaic habitat (3.0). The evenness and equitability index were highest in the mosaic habitat, with 0.88 and 0.96 respectively. The diversity and abundance of butterflies were significant, with chi square = 10.43 and p equals to 0.001. The Jaccarda index of similarity revealed that forest habitat and mosaic habitat were 43.2% similar. Accumulation curves for mosaic habitat and forest habitat showed an increase until the 200th and 300th individuals were captured. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2022-11(4)/evaluation-of-Pyriproxyfen-on-larval-strains.pdf Danilo A. Gualberto, Cesar G. Demayo.Arthropods,2022,11(4):164-175 This study was conducted to evaluate the laboratory and field bioassay of 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to Sumilarv 0.5G, an insect growth regulator larvicide that is conventionally used for dengue vector control. We used three treatments of Sumilarv 0.5G (1 ppm, 2 ppm, and 4 ppm) against the dengue vector mosquito larvae. Laboratory bioassay showed that dosages of Sumilarv 0.5G at 2 mg/L (2 ppm) and 4 mg/L (4 ppm) were adequate to exert 95.7% and 98.9% inhibition of emergence (%IE) in Cagayan de Oro strains of Ae. aegypti larvae. The same doses yielded 96.9% and 99.1% percent emergence inhibition (%IE) on Ae. albopictus larvae. The dosage of 1 mg/L (1 ppm) of Sumilarv 0.5G yielded 92.2% IE in Ae. aegypti and 80.1% IE in Ae. albopictus. Field bioassay at 2 ppm and 4 ppm Sumilarv 0.5G doses showed 70% and 91% inhibition of emergence in Ae. aegypti while Ae. albopictus yielded 97% and 98% inhibition of emergence for the same doses. One ppm dosage of Sumilarv 0.5G produced 71% IE in Ae. aegypti and 82.4% IE in Ae. albopictus. Based on the results, the lowest recommended application dosage (2 ppm) was found effective, but the most significant efficacy obtained was from the 4 ppm dosage. Sumilarv 0.5G qualifies as a tool for vector control on Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2022-11(4)/extraction-and-characterization-of-chitin-from-granary-weevil.pdf Pranil Jagdale, Nilesh Mharsale, Rhushikesh Gotarne, Sujata Magdum.Arthropods,2022,11(4):176-185 Insect chitin has been extracted from granary weevil - Sitophilus granarius L, commonly called wheat weevil in laboratory by treating it with 1 M HCl and 1 M NaOH. This was followed by decolorization. The yield of chitin from this species is 20.2%. The chemical structure and physicochemical properties of alpha-chitin was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy. Chitin exhibited similar chemical structures and physicochemical properties to earlier investigated chitin form different insect as well as commercial chitin. The Degree of Acetylation (DA) value for chitin was 97.48% and chitin crystalline index (CrI) was 78.77%. Thus it is a promising alternative for source of chitin. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2022-11(4)/checklist-of-spiders.pdf Rajendra Singh.Arthropods,2022,11(4):186-214 The present checklist of spider fauna of Odisha is the outcome of the compilation of all published literature up to March 15, 2022. A total of 265 species of spiders described under 162 genera belonging to 42 families are enlisted that have been described and/or recorded from 21 out of 30 districts of Odisha. Out of 42 families of spiders recorded, 7 families (Agelenidae, Amaurobiidae, Bemmeridae, Dictynidae, Filistatidae, Mimetidae, Oonopidae) are represented by the spiders identified only upto generic level. Additionally, a total of 58 species recorded from different districts of Odisha were identified only upto generic level (if one/more species of that genus is/are identified up to species level) and have been excluded from the total list of spiders. The maximum number of species of spiders were recorded from Khordha district (93 species) followed by Ganjam (84 species), Mayurbhanj (83 species), Koraput (76 species), Puri (28 species), Kendujhar (16 species), Sambalpur (12 species) and less than 10 species in other districts. The largest family recorded in Odisha is Araneidae (47 species, 23 genera) followed by Salticidae (42 species, 28 genera), Lycosidae (25 species, 12 genera), Thomisidae (15 species, 10 genera), Tetragnathidae (15 species, 4 genera), Theriidae (12 species, 11 genera), Sparassidae (11 species, 4 genera), Gnaphosidae (10 species, 5 genera) and Oxyopidae (10 species 2 genera). Two species of Theraphosidae (tarantulas) (Chilobrachys hardwickei (Pocock, 1895), Poecilotheria tigrinawesseli Smith, 2006) recorded from Odisha are put in Red List of IUCN. Remaining 33 families are represented by one to 6 species. No faunal survey of spiders so far conducted in 9 districts of Odisha. Most of the national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, forest areas, agricultural fields, human dwellings etc. of Odisha still await intensive and extensive survey programmes to record a near complete spider fauna. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2022-11(4)/first-zoeas-of-Atergatis-integerrimus.pdf Farhana S. Ghory.Arthropods,2022,11(4):215-225 Laboratory studies were carried out on an ovigerous female of Atergatis integerrimus (Lamarck, 1801) and A. floridus (Linnaeus, 1767) collected from Buleji (Karachi, Pakistan). After 9 days larvae were hatched out as first zoeal stage at room temperature 29oC-30oC and water temperature 28oC-29oC in filtered seawater with a salinity of 35-37 parts per thousand and pH 7.5-7.9. The larvae were fed Artemia nauplii. A description, illustration, and comparison of its first zoeal stages with the descriptions of its congeners are provided. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2022-11(4)/effect-of-photoperiod-and-temperature-on-hatching-and-egg.pdf Farshad Haghighian, Jalal Jalali Sendi, Yaser Rahimain.Arthropods,2022,11(4):226-232 Two factors that affect egg diapause in Bradyporus latipes are photoperiod and temperature. In the current study the first instars of insect nymphs collected in fields at Dotu located in Shahre-Kord County, Iran. The samples werer reared in laboratory at 15 to 30oC and relative humidity of 40-60 percentages. The bottom of cages was filled with soil and with a 100-watt bulb day-length were controlled. Two photoperiod for adults, 16L:8D and 12L:12D were placed. Insect feeding plants during the breeding period were Phlomis olivierii, Convolvolus sp and Bromus tomentellus to adults emerged and mated in each photoperiod. The eggs were collected from soil weekly. Eggs maintained on moist filtere paper in petrdish and filterpaper moisted every week. For study the egg duration and egg hatching numbers, the eggs that were laid by females, incubated at 15oC, 20oC, 25oC and 30oC in incubators in two photoperiod inlaboratory. The eggs maintained in this situations for 30 weeks and egg hatching number were calculated. 80 eggs at 25oC were transferred to 5oC and 10oC for 30, 60 days in two maternal photoperiods to determine the effect of wintering on insect eggs diapuase and then return to primary situation. The experiments continued to next spring and 2nd next spring. Also 80 eggs from each maternal photoperiod were kept outdoor in field. The duration of egg periods and egg hatching number recorded and analysed by SAS software and the comparison of means were conducted by Tukey's test. The results of current study demonsterated that the maternal photoperiod or photoperiod that effect females in oviposition time and temperature are more important in egg hatching number and egg duration. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2023-12(1)/biodiversity-and-abundance-of-aquatic-insects.pdf Hebbal Rajendra Abhilash, Mallaiah Mahadevaswamy, Koppal Ravindra Shashank, Mysore Nagaraj Anil Kumar.Arthropods,2023,12(1):1-15 A study on aquatic insects biodiversity and abundance along with physicochemical parameters of two lentic water bodies (Varuna and Dalvoy) of Mysore district was carried out on monthly basis from October 2018 to March 2019. A total of 31 species belonging to 19 families and 6 orders were recorded during the study period. At order level, Coleoptera showed maximum relative abundance (57%) followed by Hemiptera (13%) in Varuna Lake, while in Dalvoy Lake, the order Hemiptera (66%) was most abundant, followed by Coleoptera (16%). Computation of dominant status of different species of aquatic insects in lakes based on Engelmann's scale revealed that Canthydrus laetabilis and Gyrinus distinctus, from the order Coleoptera, were dominant in Varuna Lake, while two Hemipteran species, Diplonychus rusticus and Anisops sp., were dominant in Dalvoy Lake. The highest Shannon diversity index (2.803) and evenness values (0.66) were recorded in Varuna Lake, which was slightly greater than Dalvoy Lake (2.028 and 0.45). Similarly, the Biological Working Party Score (BMWP) and Average Score Per Taxon (ASPT) values were 80 and 5.33 in Varuna Lake and 53 and 4.08 in Dalvoy Lake. This indicates Varuna Lake is less polluted and has higher species diversity than Dalvoy Lake. In terms of the physico-chemical properties of water, a significant difference was noted in electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, free carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, hardness, nitrate, sulphate, and chloride concentrations between Dalvoy Lake and Varuna Lake. The results of physicochemical analysis and diversity indices suggest stressed and disturbed water quality conditions at Dalvoy Lake. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2023-12(1)/yellow-meal-worm-development-time.pdf Shokouh Heidari Parsa, Farshid Kheiri, Yaghoub Fathipour, Sohrab Imani, Mohamad Chamani.Arthropods,2023,12(1):16-26 The yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.) is one of the most valuable and high-nutritional food insects that is used in the animal and human feed industry. In the current study development time of eggs, larvae, pupa, and the entire immature stage, at five constant temperatures of 20, 23, 25, 27, and 30 oC (+-1), 60+-10% RH was examined under laboratory conditions. The eggs in the same age (less than 24 hours) were randomly selected. The growth was completed at all temperatures of the test. Data showed that the developmental times of males or females on each variety at various constant temperatures differed significantly. The regression and Ikemoto and Takailinear models, in the absence of 27 oC described the relationship of developmental rate to temperature for males and females of T. molitorvery well. Data were fitted to various nonlinear temperature-dependent models. The model of Lactin-1 and Janisch/Rochat have the best estimate for Tu about 36.79 and 37.36 oC. Development time of immature stage was 203.70+-2.65, 170.71+-3.51, 143.07+-2.29, 111.31+-0.81 day. The longest development time was recorded at 20 oC and the shortest growth period at 27 oC. The results of the variance of the data showed that the development time of the immature stages at different temperatures at a 5% probability level was significant. Although by the increasing in temperature from 20 to 27 development time was declined but that was not associated with increased growth rates. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2023-12(1)/mechanoreceptors-on-larval-and-juvenile-stage-of-Squilla.pdf John A. Fornshell.Arthropods,2023,12(1):27-36 The mechanoreceptors found on the larval stages and juvenile stage of squilloid stomatopods are investigated using photomicrographs and scanning electron micrographs. The frequency which may be detected by a sensillum is related to its length and the thickness of the boundary layer. Early stage alima larva, the larval form of the Squillidae, have paired peg sensilla on the distal margins of the annuli of the antennule flagella. These sensilla are potentially capable of detecting nearfield sound energy at frequencies not less than 2.0 kHz. In the later alima larval stages, the peg sensilla are present in both paired and triple sets. The triple sets of sensilla are potentially capable detecting nearfield sound energy at frequencies not greater than 0.02 kHz. In both early and late alima larva the distal margin of each antennule flagella annuli is found to have a tactile sensilla. In the late alima larval stage, there are ten sensilla at the distal end of the coxa of the antennules. The scale of the antenna is armed with numerous peg sensilla potentially capable of detecting nearfield sound energy at frequencies not greater than 0.02 kHz. Peg sensilla are also found on the posterior margins of the walking legs. The flagella of the juvenile stage of Squilla empusa Say have a tuft of sensilla on the distal margins of each annulus. Six sensilla are found on the walking legs of the juvenile stage. A tympanum-like structure similar in shape and location to that reported in the literature on the stomatopod Ostratosquilla is found on the coxa of the juvenile stage of Squilla empusa Say. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2023-12(1)/burrow-characteristics-of-fiddler-crab.pdf Niketa P. Maheta, Kauresh D. Vachhrajani.Arthropods,2023,12(1):37-56 The present investigation was carried out on the structural characteristics of burrows of the fiddler crab - Austruca sindensis (Alcock, 1900) between March 2021 to January 2022 from the mudflats of Kamboi, Gulf of Khambhat, Gujarat, India. Burrows were selected randomly from upper and middle intertidal zones for burrow casting. The unsaturated resin was poured inside the burrow and allowed to get solidify. The resident crabs were captured for morphological identification and its morphometry (carapace length - CL and carapace width - CW) and sex were recorded. A total of 94 complete burrow cast were used for burrow morphological and morphometric analysis wherein, characteristics including burrow diameter, orientation, length, width, inclination, branching and volume were recorded. A total of 7 different burrow shapes were recorded in which Single tube (27) burrow was prominently observed followed by J-shaped (25), S-shaped (21), Spiral burrows (10), etc. The crab carapace length showed significant positive correlation with carapace width, burrow opening diameter, total burrow length, total burrow depth and burrow volume. Burrow diameters are significantly smaller in the foreshore compared to that of the backshore, suggesting that larger individuals reside along the backshore, where they excavate deeper and large-diameter burrows to minimize chances of desiccation. While, the juveniles were observed utilizing shallow burrows with small opening diameter located near water line. Specific pattern was observed in the burrow temperature in which the burrow temperature dropped significantly at the greatest depth which provides suitable environment to the crab to survive in the harsh environmental conditions. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2023-12(1)/thoracic-morphology-of-pomegranate-fruit-borer.pdf Ravindrakumar D. Patil.Arthropods,2023,12(1):57-68 The pomegranate fruit borer, Deudorix isocrates (Fab.) is a serious pest of pomegranate causing remarkable economic loss and reported from most of the pomegranate growing countries. The research work on this pest has been undertaken on its bio ecological aspects and management. There are the least reports available on its morphological studies. This is the first study has been done on morphological details of the thoracic region of the sequential larval instars. The description is based on detailed light microscopic study of cuticular features, spiracles and appendages. This study is important to understand identification marks of larval instars, larval metamorphosis and taxonomic features. With increase in size the larval instars show peculiar morphological changes in the prothoracic shield and prothoracic spiracles as identification mark of each larval instar and found important to understand development of respiratory organs. The microscopic studies on thoracic appendages revealed general lepidopterist type. Results add to our knowledge of thoracic metamorphosis during larval period and provide a standard for further research on the morphological characters of Deudorix isocrates (Fab.). http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2023-12(1)/morphological-study-of-zoeal-stages-of-Alpheus-Edwarsii.pdf Farhana S. Ghory.Arthropods,2023,12(1):69-77 The ovigerous female of Alpheus edwarsii (Audouim, 1826) was collected from Buleji, Karachi, Pakistan, and retained in the laboratory. The larvae hatched after 4 days and subsisted within 3 days at room temperature 28oC-30oC in filtered seawater with a salinity of 35-37 parts per thousand and a pH of 7.6-7.8. In order to feed the larvae, Artemia nauplii was used. Two zoeal stages are described, illustrated and compared with those of its congener's larvae known previously. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2023-12(1)/Proctotrupoidea--of-Turkiye.pdf Ilyas Can.Arthropods,2023,12(1):78-83 This study is based on the material of the superfamily Proctotrupoidea collected from Samsun province in the northern part of Turkiye from April to October 2022 and also on literature data. In addition to the six known species, Helorus ruficornis (Foerster, 1956), Exallonyx crenicornis (Nees, 1934), Phaenoserphus viator (Haliday, 1839) and genus Phaenoserphus Kieffer, 1908 were recorded for the first time from Turkiye. With this study, the second record of Proctotrupes gravidator (Linnaeus, 1758) from Samsun, previously only given from Denizli province, was confirmed. For each species, its chorotype was reported. This study also provided the first checklist of Turkiye for Proctotrupoidea fauna. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2023-12(2)/food-plant-catalogue-of-aphids.pdf Rajendra Singh.Arthropods,2023,12(2):84-110 This article deals with the aphids infesting plants belonging to the clade malvids that includes 5 orders of eudicot angiosperms in India which are associated with aphids. This clade includes several highly economically important fruit trees (cashew, pistachio, mango, litchi, neem, lemon, orange, papaya, pomegranate, guava, jamun etc.), vegetable crops (cabbage, cauliflower, kale, radish etc.), oil seeds (mustard), textile fibres (jute, cotton), spices (cloves), medicinal plants (arjuna), essential oils (eucalyptus) etc. A total of 150 species of aphids belonging to 71 genera and 11 subfamilies were recorded to infest 172 species of this clade of flowering plants belonging to 105 genera, 21 families and 5 orders. Most of the aphids belong to the subfamily Aphidinae (38 genera, 80 species) and tribe Macrosiphini (36 genera, 54 species) followed by Greenideinae (6 genera, 23 species) and tribe Greenideini (3 genera, 20 species). Greenideinae are mostly associated with the family Myrtaceae. The maximum number of species of aphids utilise the plants belonging to the family Malvaceae (36 species of 22 genera) followed by Brassicaceae (23 species of 15 genera), Rutaceae (19 species of 10 genera), Anacardiaceae (15 species of 10 genera), Lythraceae (11 species of 8 genera), and Sapindaceae (11 species, of 5 genera), Myrtaceae (10 species of 5 genera) and remaining 14 families having less than 10 species of plants associated with aphids. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2023-12(2)/butterfly-diversity-in-an-urban-area.pdf Pawan U. Gajbe, Vaishali H. Badiye.Arthropods,2023,12(2):111-119 Rapid urbanisation and population growth are a threat to butterflies found in urban habitats. In this study, we look at the diversity and abundance of butterflies in a small urban green space, our college campus which is surrounded by urban sprawl in Nagpur City. Species diversity, species richness and Simpson diversity index were used to analyse the composition of the butterfly community. Overall, 2775 individuals, 38 species, and 5 families were recorded. The dominant family at the study site is Nymphalidae, followed by Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae and Hesperiidae. Our study reveals that the small urban green space, that is, our study area is supporting about 26 percent of the butterfly species found in Nagpur. It demonstrates that urban green spaces are essential for the conservation of urban butterfly fauna. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2023-12(2)/new-records-of-flower-visiting-Calyptrate-flies.pdf Sreejith Kanholi, Edamana Pushpalatha, Shuvra Kanti Sinha, Nandan Jana, Niyatee Pandya.Arthropods,2023,12(2):120-127 A taxonomical study was conducted on Calyptrate flies (Diptera: Brachycera) from various localities in Kozhikode and Malappuram districts, Kerala. Calyptrate flies are identified as belonging to ten genera and three families, namely Muscidae (seven species), Calliphoridae (seven species), and Polleniidae (one species). Among them, four species (Musca inferior Stein, Neomyia diffidens Walker, Dichaetomyia nubiana Bigot, and Chrysomyia rufifacies Macquart) and two genera (Dexopollenia Townsend and Catapicephala Macquart) are newly recorded for the state of Kerala. A detailed systematic account along with updated distributional locations and ecological roles of each newly recorded species is provided. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2023-12(3)/thoracic-integument-and-appendages.pdf Ravindrakumar Dashrathrao Patil.Arthropods,2023,12(3):128-140 Deudorix isocrates (Fab.) is a serious pest of pomegranate causing remarkable economic loss and reported from most of the pomegranate growing countries. This pest is not morphologically studied in detail. The present study describes morphology of adult thorax on the basis of general and light microscopic observations. The thoracic integument of terga, pleura and sterna is subdivided in to various areas and sclerites due to different sutures. The prothoracic tergum has median bridge, anterior and posterior pronotal sclerite with their species specific shapes while from mesothoracic and metathoracic terga each one is divided in to prescutum, scutum and scutellum due to prescutum and scutoscutellar sutures. The integument of thoracic pleuron bears double basalare and subalare pleurites in dorsal membranous part while the pleural and precoxal sutures divide the ventral sclerotized part in to preepisternum, preepimeron. The anepisternum is disappeared in both the meso and metathoracic pleuron. The thoracic sterna shows basisternum, furcasternum, spina sternum and midventral suture with characteristic shapes and segment wise arrangement from prothorax to the posterior border of metathoracic sternum. The wings have species specific features of type and pattern of scales offer distinguishing characters for perfect identification of this pest, sexual dimorphism and classification of lycaenids. The reduced, single segmented tarsus without pretarsus of male prothoracic leg serves as sexual dimorphic feature in this species. Results of the present study add morphological understanding of adult thorax which is useful in further studies in endoskeleton anatomy, taxonomy and pest management. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2023-12(3)/ectoparasites-of-stone-marten.pdf Adem Keskin, Bilal Dik.Arthropods,2023,12(3):141-147 Turkiye is a natural land bridge connecting Europe and Asia, and has a rich terrestrial mammalian fauna, with more than 150 species within the seven orders. However, there is limited information on ectoparasites of wild animals, especially carnivores, in Turkiye. In the present study, we provide the first data of ectoparasites of Turkish stone marten, Martes foina (Erxleben). A total of 38 ectoparasite specimens were collected from two road-killed stone martens in two different localities in Tokat province. Here, the presence of the genus Stachiella Keler (Insecta: Phthiraptera) in Turkiye was reported for the first time, based on two specimens (1 male and 1 nymph) of Stachiella retusa (Burmeister). In addition, three flea (Insecta: Siphonaptera), namely Monopsyllus sciurorum sciurorum (Schrank) (1 male), Pulex irritans L. (1 female), Chaetopsylla rothschildi Kohaut (3 males, 8 females) and two tick (Acari: Ixodida) species, namely Haemaphysalis erinacei Pavesi (18 males, 4 females), Ixodes redikorzevi Olenev (1 female) were collected from stone martens. All ectoparasitic species are new host-associations for stone marten, M. foina, in Turkiye. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2023-12(3)/development-and-reproduction-of-Microdeutopus-gryllotalpa.pdf Alexander Yu. Varigin.Arthropods,2023,12(3):148-155 Investigations of development of Microdeutopus gryllotalpa under conditions of the fouling community in Odessa Bay, Black Sea were carried out for two years from January 2013 to December 2014. Monthly samples were taken from the underwater surface of solid substrates located in the coastal zone of the Odessa Bay. In addition to quantitative parameters of these invertebrates, the characteristics of their reproduction, absolute fecundity, the total number of egg-laying during the life cycle, as well as the relationship between their body size, weight, and fecundity parameters were studied. The reproductive process of these crustaceans proceeded throughout the year, but its intensity increased synchronously with the increase the quantitative parameters of invertebrates in spring and autumn during periods of sharp changes in sea water temperature. The maximum absolute fecundity of female 8 mm in size was 64 eggs. The relationship between the wetweight and body length of oviparous females is isometric. The parameter of absolute fecundity is directly proportional to the body weight of the female. Under the conditions of the fouling community in the Odessa Bay, the female M. gryllotalpa can produce about 7 egg-laying during her life cycle. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2023-12(3)/biodiversity-of-insects-in-citrus-orchards.pdf Sahar Sorkhabi Abdolmaleki, Ahad Sahragard, Mohammad Reza Damavandian, Seyed Yousof Moosavi Toghani.Arthropods,2023,12(3):156-170 In this research, insect populations in citrus orchards of Hadishahr, Babolsar, Mazandaran Province, Iran, under different types of pest management including conventional orchard (CO), low input orchard (LIO) and free pesticides protocol orchard (FPPO) in winter and spring seasons during December 22, 2017 to June 21, 2018 were evaluated by installation of pitfall traps, sticky yellow cards and branch and leaf samples. The results on foliage samples in winter showed that the highest Shanon-Weiner index, Brilloun index, species richness and species frequency was obtained for LIO. In spring, the highest values of diversity indices, species richness and frequency was also calculated for LIO. The highest eveness indices was obtained for CO in winter and spring. Mean comparisons on data collected by sticky yellow cards showed that in winter and spring, the highest values of diversity indices, species richness and frequency was estimated for LIO, while in winter, the values of eveness indices for CO was significantly more than those for FPPO and LIO, and in spring, the highest values of eveness indices belonged to FPPO. Based on the results related to pitfall traps, the highest values of diversity indices, species richness and frequency was obtained for LIO, while the values of eveness indices calculated for CO was higher than those for FPPO and LIO. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2023-12(4)/description-of-larval-stages-of-Alpheus-lobidens.pdf Farhana S. Ghory.Arthropods,2023,12(4):171-192 The Alpheus lobidens is a widely distributed snapping shrimp that lives on soft and hard bottoms in warm coastal environments (Hamdy and Dorgham, 2018). The berried female of Alpheus lobidens De Haan, 1850 was collected from Buleji (Karachi, Pakistan) and kept in the laboratory. The larvae hatched after 2 days and existed within 7 days at room temperature 23oC - 28oC in filtered seawater with a salinity of 37 - 40 parts per thousand and a pH of 7.5 - 7.8. Artemia nauplii were used to feed the larvae. Two zoeal stages are described, illustrated and compared with those of its congener's larvae known previously. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2023-12(4)/biodiversity-of-spider-fauna.pdf Rajendra Singh.Arthropods,2023,12(4):193-250 In this article, an updated catalogue of spider diversity in the Tamil Nadu state of India is presented. A total of 547 species of spiders described under 257 genera representing to 46 families are enlisted that have been described and/or recorded from 33 out of 38 districts of Tamil Nadu, India. Maximum species diversity of spiders was observed in Nilgiris (205 species, 118 genera, 38 families); Salem (168 species, 109 genera, 30 families), Coimbatore (156 species, 92 genera, 27 families); Chennai (131 species, 83 genera, 28 families); Chengalpattu (117 species, 86 genera, 26 families); Kanniyakumari (75 species, 57 genera, 16 families); Dindigul (76 species, 54 genera, 23 families); Theni (61 species, 45 genera, 18 families); Virudhunagar (57 species, 37 genera, 16 families); Thiruvallur (55 species, 43 genera, 15 families) districts and 1-50 species in other districts. Among the families, Salticidae is the most abundant family which comprises 100 species belonging to 59 genera and is distributed in 25 districts of Tamil Nadu followed by Araneidae (77 species, 26 genera, 26 districts), Thomisidae (39 species, 23 genera, 20 districts), Lycosidae (35 species, 10 genera, 20 districts), Theriidae (35 species, 20 genera, 18 districts), Sparassidae (27 species, 6 genera, 23 districts), and Tetragnathidae (25 species, 4 genera, 21 districts). Representation of other families is moderate (10-22 species) to poor (1-9 species). Ten families are represented by single species while 7 families are represented by only 2 species and are distributed in only 1-3 districts. Interestingly, Mimetidae is represented by only 2 species belonging to different genera but is distributed in 20 districts while Eresidae contains only 3 species of a single genus but is also distributed in 20 districts. There is no spider record in 5 districts of Tamil Nadu. Some of the national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, forest areas, agricultural fields, human dwellings etc. particularly in terai region of West Bengal still await intensive and extensive survey programmes to record a near complete spider fauna. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2024-13(1)/edible-arachnids.pdf Pawan U. Gajbe.Arthropods,2024,13(1):1-6 With the rapidly increasing human population, there is an urgent need to meet the challenge of providing sufficient nutrition for the people of the world. Along with edible insects, edible arachnids like spiders and scorpions can be an alternative source of proteins for humans. Although, arachnids have been consumed by humans since time immemorial, there are very few references cataloguing the consumption of arachnids. The different species of edible spiders and scorpions, their distribution, safety issues related to their consumption, and the prospect of sustainable farming of edible arachnids have been explained in this review. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2024-13(1)/morphology-and-function-of-mechanoreceptors.pdf John A. Fornshell.Arthropods,2024,13(1):7-14 The mechanoreceptors of land-dwelling juveniles of the family Coenobitidae were studied using scanning electron microscopy to determine how their morphology varied from the mechanoreceptors of the marine dwelling zoea stage. Archived specimens of Birgus latro Leach , 1816 and Coenobita clypeatus Latreille, 1829 from the collections maintained in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution were examined. The mechanoreceptors on the antennules of the planktonic marine larval stage, zoea, are potentially capable of detecting near field sound energy at frequencies two orders of magnitude lower than those of the antennules of the land-dwelling juveniles in both genera. This sensitivity to lower frequencies potentially enables the larval stages to detect sound energy sources at much greater distances. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2024-13(1)/seed-disinfection-and-foliar-spray.pdf Amir Mohammad Rezaei Ghale, Mahboobeh Sharifi, Jahanshir Shakarami, Bahareh Rafiei, Alireza Rajaei.Arthropods,2024,13(1):15-26 Flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp.) are among the most significant pests of canola, causing damage during the early growth stages, particularly in the seedling or cotyledon stage. Chemical control, including seed disinfection and foliar spray, is considered one of the primary strategies for managing this pest. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of seed disinfection with imidacloprid (Gaucho(R)) on different canola cultivars and foliar spray with imidacloprid (Confidor(R)) and cypermethrin for controlling flea beetles. The experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement as a randomized complete block design in a canola field in Behshahr, Mazandaran province. The treatments included seed disinfection with Gaoucho(R) at a rate of 14 g/kg of seeds for the cultivars Hyola 50, Delgan, and RGS, and the infection coefficient was determined for each treatment. The Henderson-Tilton equation was used to calculate the percentage of insecticide efficiency for imidacloprid and cypermethrin. The results showed that the highest efficiency, with an infection coefficient close to 10%, was observed in the seed-disinfected Delgan cultivar, followed by Hyola cultivars (13.21%) after one week. The evaluation of insecticide efficiency also revealed that cypermethrin had the highest efficiency at approximately 90% after seven and three days of spraying, while the lowest efficiency was observed for Confidor(R) at around 60% three days after spraying. Comparison of the infection coefficients of the sprayed treatments with seed disinfected Hyola cultivars after four weeks indicated that foliar spray with cypermethrin exhibited the best efficiency with an infection coefficient of 15.18%. Based on the results of this study, the Delgan cultivar with seed disinfection and cypermethrin as the most effective insecticide is recommended for controlling flea beetles in canola. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2024-13(1)/perceptions-of-spiders-by-local-people.pdf Rael S. Manriquez, Mark Anthony J. Torres, Cesar G. Demayo.Arthropods,2024,13(1):27-53 People's perceptions of spiders can vary from disgust to fascination, which has a substantial impact on the value People's perceptions of spiders can range from disgust to fascination, and these perceptions significantly impact how they value the conservation of Aranea. This study employed an arts-based methodology to explore the perspectives of 123 respondents from Talenceras, Bohol, Philippines, towards spiders. Data collection involved spider drawings and interviews with participants. The findings unveiled people's diverse relationships with spiders, including their role in controlling problematic insect populations. While humans appreciate spiders for their pest control abilities, they also view them as a source of entertainment, particularly in the context of spider derbies, which pose a significant threat to female spiders. Demographic data indicated a growing number of young people engaging in spider-related entertainment without realizing they might encounter pregnant female spiders. Some individuals fear spiders due to concerns about their potential toxicity, leading them to avoid contact with these arachnids. Negative perspectives toward spiders, mainly if people are unable to distinguish between spider species, could hinder conservation efforts. This study emphasizes the importance of taking proactive measures to address these spider-related issues and protect biodiversity. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2024-13(1)/reproductive-potential-of-ecdysone-hormone.pdf Anjali Mishra, S. K. Tiwari.Arthropods,2024,13(1):54-71 The present study was designed and conducted to evaluate the influence of methoxyfenozide on the reproductive potential of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars larvae, as a safe and suitable alternative for the conventional organic insecticide. Results showed that the highest concentration i.e. 15 ppm of methoxyfenozide caused maximum reduction in fecundity i.e. 118.43 +- 6.08 eggs laid/ female and hatchability i.e. 31.52 +- 1.18% when both males and females were crossed emerged from treated culture in case of 1st instar exposed larvae. Such pairs showed maximum sterility also when emerged from 15 ppm concentration of food in 1st instar exposure. Fecundity, fertility and sterility comparatively decreased in 2nd, 3rd and 4thinstar larvae due to their comparatively poor exposure duration. Such knowledge may offcourse be beneficial for the effective control of rice-moth in particular and lepidopterous pest in general in eco-friendly way. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2024-13(1)/African-giant-millipede.pdf Shakiru Okanlawon Sule, Elekenachi Destiny Amaike, Rilwan Oluyinka Adewale, Oladele Abdulahi Oguntade, Ademuyiwa Hafiz Oladele, Adebosola Yemisi Adeyemi, Jacob Oyeleye Oyedokun, Ismail Musa Danwali.Arthropods,2024,13(1):72-79 Arthropods importance can be assessed for beneficial use especially in reducing dependence on scarce animal protein source especially fishmeal in aquaculture nutrition. Biochemical composition of African giant millipede (Archispirostreptus gigas) was conducted according to standard methods for proximate, phytochemical, mineral content, fatty acid and amino acid profile. Nutritional content analysis of millipede revealed crude protein of 63.24+-0.05%, ether extracts 11.70+-0.09% and metabolisable energy (kcal/kg) 3711.22+-6.75. Phytochemical composition for phytate, saponin and chitin was high in millipede. Micro mineral content (mg/kg) indicated presence of manganese 36.00, iron 219.50, copper 9.30, zinc 20.60 while macro mineral (%) showed phosphorus 0.036, calcium 0.022, magnesium 0.204, potassium 0.810 and sodium 0.072 to be present in appreciable quantity. The fatty acid profile indicated palmitic and oleic acid to be high with least presence of butyric acid. The essential amino acid revealed high lysine 6.18 (g/100g) content and least tryptophan 0.68 (g/100g); while the non-essential amino acid glutamic acid 11.05 (g/100g) was high and cystine 1.21 (g/100g) least in millipede. The composition of millipede meal revealed potential use in fish nutrition. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2024-13(2)/occurrence-of-the-ghost-shrimp.pdf Sivakumar Ragul, Alager Kartick, Muthusamy Thangaraj.Arthropods,2024,13(2):80-86 Three specimens of Audacallichirus audax (de Man, 1911) were collected from Mudasal Odai (11o29'06"N 79o46'28"E) fish landing center, Tamil Nadu, South-eastern coast of India in August 2022 and June 2023. The species was recognised by key characters and colour pattern. The identification is further confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequences. This is the first record from south-east India, outside their known geographical range which is a range extension within the Indian coastal region. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2024-13(2)/Aeshna-mixta.pdf Ahmed Zia, Bibi Shabnem, Sardar Azhar Mehmood, Muhammad Ishaq Mastoi, Anjum Shehzad, Shabir Ahmed.Arthropods,2024,13(2):87-93 Aeshna mixta (Latreille 1805) is added to the Anisoptera fauna of Pakistan by reporting it from district Neelum of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Geopolitically the study area lies in an area facing uncertain ground conditions since inception of Pakistan. It is a hard to reach valley between India and Pakistan, very close to the line of control. Out of twenty sampling sites, specimens of Aeshna mixta were found from fifteen localities of the district. With the addition of this taxon, Anisoptera fauna of Pakistan now count 74 species. The area under district Neelum represents many lush green valleys with lots of natural water bodies that support a broad complex of Odonata. More surveys in the area are suggested to unveil more important records from the area. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2024-13(2)/insect-pest-occurrence-of-silver-oak.pdf Arvind Kumar, Neha Rajwar, Tripti Tonk.Arthropods,2024,13(2):94-103 Silver oak, Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. is an important exotic tree species component of urban forestry in India. However, the occurrence of insect-pests in exotics causes tremendous impact on the production and yield in nurseries as well-established plantations; consequently, reducing profits and inducing high expense to stakeholders. Thus, a detailed account of insect-pests infestation and their impact becomes important. Therefore, present study was undertaken to find out the insect pest occurrence on G. robusta in the nursery, plantation established at different geographical region of northern India from 2018-2022. The study result exhibited infestation of ten insect-pests for the first time on G. robusta. Six species were defoliator in nature viz. Ascotis selenaria, Chrysodeixis includens, Ectropis bhurmitra, Helicoverpa armigera, Hyposidra talaca, and Olene inclusa; while infestation of four species of sap sacking nature viz. Asterolecanium sp., Ceroplastes rusci, Drosicha stebbingi, and Oxyrachis tarandus. The seasonal incidence and nature of damage were also recorded for the first time of these insects on G. robusta. This is the first attempt to report insect-pests of G. robusta, which gave an overview of the possible potential threat in India. The study would be beneficial for future reference with respect to pest management of G. robusta, when the species is taken up for tree improvement program in the long run. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2024-13(3)/first-record-of-Alpheus-leptocheles.pdf Mandal Kajal, Muthusamy Thangaraj.Arthropods,2024,13(3):104-111 Alpheus leptocheles Banner and Banner, 1975 (Decapoda, Alpheidae) is a compressed chela snapping shrimp which was reported from Papua New Guinea earlier. The compressed nature of major chela, the shape of the orbitorostral front and the flattened dactyli of the third pereopod put this species in the Brevirostris group of the genus Alpheus (Banner). Most of the characteristic features are very close to the type specimen of A. leptocheles collected in New Guinea. This shrimp usually inhabits low depth river mouth region of marine bottoms; however, recently we have record for the first time in muddy bottom at an unusual depth of about 250-300 m in Southeast coast of India. This record may extends the distribution pattern of A. leptochelesin Bay of Bengal. Moreover, it may perhaps represent an additional alpheid species for the Indian marine faunal list. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2024-13(3)/lepidopteran-insect-pests.pdf Pooja Singh, A. N. Singh.Arthropods,2024,13(3):112-119 Elaeocarpus angustifolius is a scared tree species in India with a poor regeneration capability. It produces a moderately hard timber generally of various end uses. The present study is a report on infestation of three insect pests namely Hyposidra talaca (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Homona coffearia (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) damaging the plant at its nursery stage. The infestation intensity of H. talaca and S. litura was observed to be in the range of 60-70% leading to 80-90% defoliation of the seedlings. However, H. coffearia has lesser damage potential. All the three insect pests are polyphagous in nature, reported to damage many agriculture, horticulture and forestry crops. However, all the three insect pests are being reported as pest of this plant at nursery stage for the first time. The characteristics of larvae, pupa, adult and their feeding pattern have been discussed in the present article. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2024-13(3)/biodiversity-of-aphidophagous-predators.pdf Krishna Mohan Tiwari, Prem Narayan Tripathi, Rajendra Singh.Arthropods,2024,13(3):120-125 An updated checklist of faunal biodiversity of the spiders, in two norther states of India, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand is presented herewith. A total of 520 species of spiders described under 236 genera belonging to 50 families were recorded in both the states of north India. The biodiversity of spiders is more in Uttar Pradesh (284 species, 146 genera, 36 families) than Uttarakhand (373 species, 202 genera, 45 families). However, most of the areas in both the states are still virgin regarding the faunal survey programmes and need intensive and extensive survey in those areas by enthusiastic workers. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2024-13(4)/ultrastructural-studies.pdf Smita Saha, Prasanta Saha, Subhomoy Roy, Partha Sarathi Nandi.Arthropods,2024,13(4):157-173 Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) is an important tropical stored grain pest that inflicts grain damage by acting as an external feeder. .The larva is more voracious feeder than the adults. The sensilla present in the insects antenna and mouth parts can perceive various senses from the environment and host plant. They can act as mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors hygroreceptors, olfactory receptors and gustatory receptors. Therefore, in the current study, the morphology, structure, and distribution pattern of the sensilla found on the antennae, maxillary and labial palpi of the larvae of O. surinamensis were mainly investigated through scanning electron microscopy Seventeen different types of sensilla, including six types trichoidea, seven types of basiconica, two types of chaetica, one type of styloconica and coeloconica were identified in the antenna of the larvae. Similarly, 23 sub-types of sensilla have been found in the maxillo-labial complex of mouth parts: five types of trichoidea, eight types of basiconica, seven types of styloconica, two types of coeloconica, and one type of digitiformia. In both maxillary and labial palpi sensory complex, a unit of 13 sensilla was identified in which there is always a thick central sensilla encircled by other sensilla. The ultrastructural details of all the sensilla can underlie future electrophysiological and behavioral investigations. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2024-13(4)/burrow-structure-and-distribution-pattern.pdf P. Kaarmugilan, M. Thangaraj.Arthropods,2024,13(4):174-183 This study aimed to investigate the structural characteristics of burrows and other hiding places for the chestnut crab, Cardisoma carnifex, from March 2021 to April 2022 in the Parangipettai mangrove habitat, Tamil Nadu, India. Burrows were randomly selected along the northern bank of the Vellar estuary for casting. The resident crabs were captured for morphological identification, and their morphometry (carapace length [CL] and carapace width [CW]) and sex were recorded. A total of 56 burrows were selected for studying distribution patterns, and six burrows were used for morphological observations. The study found a significant positive correlation between crab carapace length, carapace width, and burrow mouth diameter. Additionally, the burrow temperature dropped significantly at greater depths, providing a suitable environment for the crabs to survive in harsh conditions. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2024-13(4)/histoanatomy-of-male-reproductive-system.pdf Ravindrakumar D. Patil.Arthropods,2024,13(4):184-191 The pomegranate butterfly, Deudorix isocrates (Fab.) is the serious pest of pomegranate causes considerable economic loss. The present light microscopic studies on the male reproductive system of the adult D. isocrates (Fab.) describe the anatomical and histological details which have not been reported earlier. These aspects of the pest studies have greater significance in pest management because reproductive organs are related with the development and life cycle of the pest. Anatomically the male reproductive system of D. isocrates consists of fused testes, a pair of thin walled vasa deferentia in continuation of proximal end of fused testes, a pair of seminal vesicles as a simple dilation of vasa deferentia, distal paired portion of ejaculatory duct which is referred as ductus ejaculatorius duplex, proximal single tubular ductus ejaculatorius simplex and the paired accessory glands. The genital tracts are complexly coiled. Histologically the fused testis is composed with spirally coiled longitudinal seminiferous follicles exhibit spermatogenesis in the numerous cysts. Longitudinally folded tall columnar epithelium of vas difference, cuboidal epithelium of seminal vesicle and low columnar epithelium of ejaculatory duct in D. isocrates are evidential in other lepidopterist species. The wall of male accessory gland is composed of columnar epithelium and muscle coat. These observations are concurred with some reports of the pest species of moths. In the accessory glands the nuclei of the columnar epithelial cells are round and located basally. The apical cytoplasm of columnar cells is vacuolated suggests secretory nature of accessary gland. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2025-14(1)/edible-insects-as-valuable-human-food-resource.pdf Pawan U. Gajbe, Vaishali H. Badiye.Arthropods,2025,14(1):1-6 The consumption of insects by humans is an age-old practice that is followed by many cultures of the world. Insects are one of the best sources of animal protein and have been the traditional food of many tribes around the world. The provisioning of sufficient food for the growing world population is a serious concern. Raising insects for human and animal consumption has a relatively lower environmental impact, and hence, it could be used as one of the strategies for feeding people. In urban regions, people are mostly repulsed by the prospect of edible insect consumption, which is mainly due to their cultural and religious beliefs. Currently, India has a huge population of young people. This study was conducted to find out the perceptions of young Indians regarding edible insects. It revealed that most of the participants of the study, due to their various beliefs, are not willing to accept insects as human food. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2025-14(1)/parasitoids-of-Myzus-in-India.pdf Rajendra Singh.Arthropods,2025,14(1):7-29 In this study, the parasitoids of 12 species of Myzus Passerini, 1860 (Aphididae: Hemiptera) are enlisted along with their host aphids and host plants distributed in different states and union territories of India. The study demonstrated that 48 species of parasitoids (6 species belonging to Aphelinidae; one species belonging to Encyrtidae and 41 species of Aphidiinae (Braconidae) parasitising 12 species of aphids belonging to the genus Myzus Passerini, 1860 infesting 82 plant species in 21 states/union territories of India. Most of the host plants are highly economically important agricultural crops. A total of 261 tritrophic associations were recorded. Aphelinidae is represented by a single genus, Aphelinus with 6 species while Aphidiinae (Braconidae) comprises 40 species belonging to 10 genera, among which Aphidius matricariae Haliday, 1834 is a polyphagous and diversified parasitising 6 species of aphids infesting 29 plant species in 11 states/union territories of India. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2025-14(1)/incidence-of-insect-pests-on-potato-crop.pdf Ghalib Sayyid, Zahid Khan, Haroon, Salman Ahmad, Mian Sayed Khan.Arthropods,2025,14(1):30-40 The research was conducted on insect pests in Hazara division (Mansehra, Abbottabad, Battagram, Haripur, Kohistan, and Tor Ghar) on potato crops under the proposed project. From each district, five fields were selected and major and minor insect pests were collected on potato during the visit. The preserved insects were identified in NARC, and the reported species in 5-meter row were as follows: leafhopper, 0.53+-0.40, 0.46+-0.26, 0.40+-0.17, 0.34+-0.15 and 0.32+-0.20; flea beetle, 0.58+-0.39, 0.57+-0.55, 0.33+-0.16, 0.45+-0.4 and 0.27+-0.18; potato tuberworm, 0.68+-0.44, 0.65+-.60, 0.55+-0.52, 0.40+-0.28, and 0.28+-0.18; black cutworm, 0.60+-0.29, 0.58+-0.54, 0.33+-0.18, 0.32+-0.20 and 0.47+-0.34; wireworm, 0.62+-0.35, 0.55+-0.50, 0.53+-0.31, 0.50+-0.27 and 0.35+-0.21; white grub, 0.55+-0.33, 0.60+-0.53, 0.38+-0.26, 0.80+-0.60 and 1.14+-1.19. The seasonal average of each insect in each district was different in incidence. The difference in the pest population in different districts of the Hazara division is due to the climate conditions, temperature, and incidence of pests. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2025-14(2)/first-report.pdf Farhana S. Ghory.Arthropods,2025,14(2):41-57 The present information is based on the morpho-taxonomic study of the zoeal stages of Synalpheus thai Banner and Banner, 1966. The ovigerous female of Synalpheus thai was collected from Nathia Gali (Pacha, Karachi). Larvae were hatched at room temperature 30-32oC, in filtered seawater of a salinity of 35-37 ppt and pH 7.8. All the zoeal stages of S. thai are described along with their illustrations, and compared with the available descriptions of its congeners larvae given earlier. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2025-14(2)/pycnogonida-developmental-biology.pdf John A. Fornshell.Arthropods,2025,14(2):58-69 The term anamorphic development is used to describe arthropods which add segments throughout their lives. Epimorphic development is used to describe arthropods which hatch with a set number of segments which does not increase with subsequent molts. Some arthropods add segments initially until a set number have been produced after which no further segments are produced with subsequent molts. The latter are said to have hemianamorphic development. In the Chelicerata the completion of embryonic development and hatching of the egg are not as intricately linked as in the other classes of the Arthropoda. Thus, making the distinction of which developmental pattern is occurring less obvious. The members of the Pycnogonida typically hatch as a "Protonymphon larva" having three pairs of appendages and a proboscis with a tripartite mouth. The subsequent growth of the animals displays certain developmental processes typically seen in embryos: (1) Apoptosis; (2) invagination of ectodermal tissues to initiate the formation of neurogenic niches. (3) organogenesis; and (4) limb development progressing in an anterior-posterior developmental gradient. If the "Protonymphon larva" and early nymphs are interpreted as embryonic stages, then the Pycnogonida may be considered to have epimorphic development. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2025-14(3)/sexual-dimorphism.pdf P. Kaarmugilan, M. Thangaraj.Arthropods,2025,14(3):70-81 The present study was conducted in the Parangipettai mangrove area of Tamilnadu, India, from November 2021 to April 2022, which aims to investigate the relationships between carapace length-weight and carapace width-weight of the chestnut crab, Cardisoma carnifex. A total of 129 crabs were examined, including 66 females and 63 males. Results indicated that males had a mean body weight of 343 +- 81.91 g, while females weighed 377.86 +- 86.28 g on average. Furthermore, females exhibited a significantly larger mean carapace length (6.32 +- 2.35 cm) compared to males (5.85 +- 2.10 cm). The correlation coefficient (r2) highlighted a stronger association between body weight (BW) and carapace width (CW) than BW and carapace length, indicating that variations in body weight were predominantly influenced by changes in carapace width. Positive relationships between carapace length and carapace width were observed in males (b = 1.0733, r2 = 0.9467), females (b = 1.0136, r2 = 0.9658), and both sexes combined (b = 1.0544, r2 = 0.9532). This sexual dimorphism, with females being larger than males, may suggest an adaptation associated with increased egg production. The study's findings provide valuable baseline data on the morphological characteristics of C. carnifex in the Parangipettai stock. Such information is essential for establishing ongoing monitoring and management strategies for this crab species, contributing to the conservation of biodiversity in the region. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2025-14(3)/climate-change-impacts-on-pest-and-beneficial-insects.pdf Bahareh Rafiei.Arthropods,2025,14(3):82-93 Among the serious current global challenges, climate change significantly impinges on different organisms, including arthropods. Rising temperature, changing precipitation pattern and increasing levels of greenhouse gases that result in the expansion of insects' geographical distribution, increased survival, and generation rates, while the synchrony between plants and pests is disturbed. These alters are also associated with increased risk of invasive agricultural pests, increased prevalence of diseases by vector insects, and reduced effectiveness of biological control by natural enemies. Moreover, climate change enhances the invasive species risk through habitat alteration and reduction of biodiversity. Thus, all these climatic variables bring different outbreaks of certain pest species that cause critical economic damages in agriculture, influencing the reduction of safe food production globally. Adaptation to climate change means adopting strategies related to innovation mainly focused on integrated management approaches and using new monitoring technologies and prediction tools. The review will cover the impact of climate change on insect population and methods of its mitigation, contributing to sustainable food security. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2025-14(3)distribution-and-tritrophic-associations.pdf Rajendra Singh.Arthropods,2025,14(3):94-149 The members of the tribes Aphidiini (Aphidiinae: Braconidae: Hymenoptera) are exclusively koinobiont aphid parasitoids and are widely distributed. Some of the species of parasitoids have been successfully used in the biological control of aphids worldwide. The Aphidiini comprises 70 species of parasitoids in India parasitizing 165 species of aphids in 24 states and 2 union territories. Aphidius is the highly speciose genus in India, comprising 35 species parasitizing 137 species of aphids feeding on 209 species of host plants (excluding unidentified ones) distributed in 20 states and 2 union territories, followed by Pauesia (19 species, 14 host plants, 7 states, and one union territory), and other genera comprise only 1-2 species. Among the parasitoids, Aphidius matricariae Haliday is highly polyphagous, parasitizing 47 species of aphids infesting 83 species of plants, followed by Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) (27 species of aphids feeding on 58 species of plants) and Aphidius colemani Viereck (22 species of aphids feeding on 42 species of plants). Twenty eight species of aphid parasitoids recorded in India are monophagous, and 63 species of the parasitoids parasitize less than 10 species of aphids. More than half of the parasitoid species were recorded in Jammu and Kashmir (36 species), followed by Meghalaya (31 species), West Bengal (26 species), Manipur (24 species), Sikkim (24 species), Uttarakhand (22 species), Himachal Pradesh (20 species), and less than 20 species in other states. The maximum tri-trophic associations (parasitoid-host aphid-host plant, triplet) were observed in Jammu and Kashmir (191 triplets), followed by Manipur (122 triplets), Uttar Pradesh (90 triplets), Meghalaya (81 triplets), Himachal Pradesh (80 triplets), Uttarakhand (78 triplets), Sikkim (64 triplets), and less than 50 triplets in other states. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2025-14(3)/arthropod-diversity-and-abundance.pdf Rimu Islam Tuly, Mohammad Abdur Razzak.Arthropods,2025,14(3):150-159 Arthropod species pose a significant threat to ornamental plants through feeding, ovipositional injury, and the spread of pathogenic microbes.This study investigated arthropod species infesting rose plants grown at Shadullapur, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from October 2019 to February 2020. A total of 1,454 individuals from seven insect orders and two arachnid groups were recorded. Individuals from the order Thysanoptera were the most abundant, followed by Hemiptera and Lepidoptera. Among arachnids, spider mites and predatory mites were dominant. A total of 25 species were identified, including 22 insect species and three arachnids. Lepidoptera exhibited the highest species diversity, followed by Hemiptera and Coleoptera. The Shannon Diversity Index of 0.9596 indicates a moderate level of species diversity, suggesting that while a few orders dominate in abundance, a variety of species contribute to the ecosystem.This study highlights the importance of understanding arthropod diversity in developing effective pest management strategies for rose cultivation. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for further research on the interactions between pest species and their host plants, which can further refine pest control practices and minimize crop loss. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2025-14(4)/water-washing-control-of-citrus-cottony-scale.pdf Ghazaleh Amooei Maleh, Ali Moghimian Sooraki, Mohammad Reza Damavandian, Behnam Amiri Besheli.Arthropods,2025,14(4):160-173 The citrus cottony scale, Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell damages citrus trees in Mazandaran province every year. The study was conducted in two separate experiments in Miandorood city. The experimental design was completely randomized in both experiments and four treatments (control, two, three and four times of waterwashing) and four treatments (control, Chlorpyrifos at a concentration of 2L/1000L, water-washing and mineral oil at a concentration of 1%) in 5 replications were considered in the first and second experiments, respectively. In first experiment, the lowest egg sac was obtained in the two times of water-washing with an average of 3.80 +- 0.37 eggs per 20 leaves and the lowest number of nymphs was observed in the four times of water-washing with an average of 247.80 +-7.32. In second experiment, the highest number of egg sacs in different dates was obtained for control with average of 30.60 and 21.20 egg sacs per five leaves and the highest number of egg sacs was obtained for water-washing with an average of 25.60. The highest number of live nymphs in all dates was obtained for control treatment. Also, the lowest number of nymphs in different dates were counted for Chlorpyrifos treatment with an average of 450.4, 351.0 and 156.0, respectively. The lowest number of nymphs was obtained for mineral oil treatment with an average of 9.4. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2025-14(4)/first-report-on-gut-metabolites.pdf Preeti Subba, Soumya Majumder, Malay Bhattacharya.Arthropods,2025,14(4):174-186 Looper caterpillars, Biston suppressaria and Hyposidra talaca, are the major folivorous insect pests of tea plants in India. They cause 40-90% economic losses during severe infestations and have become unmanageable, presenting a substantial challenge to stakeholders. Chemical profiling of an organism holds great significance in exploring an organism's biology, behavior, and ecological interactions necessary for developing effective pest mitigation strategies. So, this research was aimed to analyze the gut metabolomes of these looper pests using GC-MS analysis. The results determined a total of twenty-eight metabolites in the gut of these pests that included fatty acids as major metabolites followed by alkanes, alcohols, and terpenoids. Among detected fatty acids, hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester; ethyl (9Z,12Z)-9,12-octadecadienoate, and stearic acid are the primary metabolites for pheromone biosynthesis. Moreover, the upregulation of these fatty acids is also associated with pesticide stress response in many lepidopteran pests. In addition, ten common compounds were obtained that indicate their shared habitat, i.e., tea plants. Squalene, a precursor molecule forthe synthesis of many steroidal hormones, was detected as one of the major metabolites in this study, highlighting the important role of microbes in the synthesis of squalene in these pests' guts. Hence, our study hypothesized that gut microbes mediated plant-derived sterol biosynthesis in these pests. Moreover, the detection of the fluorinated metabolites in the gut extracts indicated the possible contribution of the gut microorganisms towards the breakdown of pesticides (fluorinated). Thus, targeting these gut bacteria interferes with the physiological function of the looper pestsand facilitates the development of effective pest management strategies. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2025-14(4)/Asian-weaver.pdf Pawan U. Gajbe.Arthropods,2025,14(4):187-191 The Asian weaver ant, Oecophylla smaragdina Fab., 1775 is an arboreal ant species, which constructs leaf nests in the upper canopy of trees. This ant species is distributed in the tropical regions of Asia, Australia, and western Pacific islands. Being an arboreal ant, O. smaragdina has a mutualistic association with its host plants. Approximately 175 plant species have been recorded as host plants of O. smaragdina. In this study, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., a common garden plant belonging to family Malvaceae, and Heliconia rostrata Ruiz and Pav., an ornamental plant belonging to family Heliconiaceae are being reported as host plants of O. smaragdina. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2025-14(4)/phenotypic-variations.pdf Ernel D. Bagbag, Cesar G. Demayo, Mark Anthony J. Torres.Arthropods,2025,14(4):192-207 Coleopterans present challenges in their classification due to their highly variable morphological traits. In the Philippines, beetle classification was limited to describing species based on a few character traits, which might result in taxonomic incongruencies. Hence, this research utilized Cladistic analysis to determine the morphological diversity of synanthropic beetles. This work included 48 synanthropic beetle taxa using 82 qualitative morphological characters. Tree searches found eight parsimonious trees with a length of 683 steps, a consistency index of 20, and a retention index of 46. These trees produced a strict consensus tree revealing three major clades with recurring traits, suggesting high homoplasy among Coleopterans. Furthermore, three polytomies were observed in the preferred tree, particularly species in Cerambycidae and Melolonthinae groups, indicating that these groups underwent various evolutionary mechanisms, such as parallel evolution, homoplasy, or convergent evolution. Analysis of the individual character traits revealed five uninformative morphological features and nine character traits that can be examined for character evolution. The results of Cladistic analysis are generally congruent with the molecular studies and enhance our understanding of the systematic relationships among synanthropic beetle species. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2025-14(4)/species-composition.pdf Michael Pangwa Lapang, Davou Dung Pam, Eche Onah Otakpa, Akwashiki Ombugadu, Nannim Nanvyat, Georgina Samuel Mwansat.Arthropods,2025,14(4):208-224 Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are vectors of emerging arthropod-borne infections of medical and zoonotic importance. They undergo complete metamorphosis and breed in different habitat types. We conducted this study to investigate the composition, abundance and diversity of mosquito species in Qua'an-Pan Local Government Area (LGA), North Central Nigeria. The aquatic mosquito species' immature stages from the selected communities were surveyed between February 2020 and January 2021, from the late dry season through the early rainy season of 2020 and from the late rainy season to the late dry season. A total of 4186 (47.19%) Anopheline and 4685 (52.81%) Culicine larvae were collected. 3518 (47.36%) Anopheline and 3910 (52.64%) Culicine emerged to adult. 13 mosquito species were identified, 6 Anopheles, 4 Culex, 2 Aedes and 1 Mansonia species. There were 26 Anopheles, 73 Culex and 25 Aedes unidentified species. Culex quinquefasciatus (33.21 %) and Anopheles gambiae (22.25%) were the dominant species, whereas Aedes hirsitus (0.16 %) was the least abundant. There was a significant difference in Anophelesspecies abundance (P less than 0.05) while Culex species abundance did not differ significantly (P greater than 0.05). The study reveals that the breeding index (BI) of mosquito species was 62.77% while the diversity level of emerged mosquito species was approximately 2. The study shows a rich species composition and diversity of mosquitoes and presents a high risk of mosquito-borne diseases transmission to the inhabitants of Qua'an-pan LGA. This public threat may be attributed to anthropogenic alteration of the ecosystem. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2025-14( Rajendra Singh.Arthropods,2025,14(4):225-245 The present article provides a catalogue of tri-trophic associations of the common hover fly Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius) across India based on the published authentic literature. It is widely distributed in some parts of Europe, southeast Asia and Australia. It is the most effective natural enemy of aphid pests in economically important crops such as cereals, vegetables, oilseeds, cotton, pulses, etc. It is used in greenhouse aphid pest biocontrol programmes. Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius) was reported to prey on 50 species of aphids feeding on 88 species of plants excluding unidentified ones with 148 tri-trophic associations distributed in 21 states/union territories across India, mostly in Karnataka (36 triplets) followed by Uttar Pradesh (35 triplets), Uttarakhand (29 triplets), Manipur (28 triplets), Bihar (21 triplets), Maharashtra (20 triplets) and less than 20 triplets in rest of the states and union territories. In fact, there has been no attempt to document the tritrophic associations of this predator in several regions of India; therefore, a comprehensive survey plan is necessary to document them in those unexplored states/union territories. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/arthropods/articles/2026-15(1)/a-new-species-of-Ogyrides.pdf Quddusi B. Kazmi.Arthropods,2026,15(1):1-4 The caridean shrimp Ogyrides zoyaesophiearum sp. nov. is described from the Pakistan coast, specifically the eastern coast of the Arabian Sea. The new species is closely related to O. saldanhae Barnard. Earlier, in 2012, the present material was described as O. saldanhae Barnard from Pakistan, but a closer inspection indicates that it likely represents an undescribed species. O. zoyaesophiearum can be distinguished from its congeners by its five-segmented carpus of the second leg and two pairs of lateral spines on the telson.