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Computational Ecology and Software, 2012, 2(2): 103-123
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Article

Permutation tests to estimate significances on Principal Components Analysis

Vasco M. N. C. S. Vieira
CCMAR-Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal

Received 24 January 2012;Accepted 1 February 2012;Published online 1 June 2012
IAEES

Abstract
Principal Component Analysis is the most widely used multivariate technique to summarize information in a data collection with many variables. However, for it to be valid and useful the meaningful information must be retained and the noisy information must be sorted out. To achieve it an index from the original data set is estimated, after which three classes of methodologies may be used: (i) the analytical solution to the distribution of the index under the assumption the data has a multivariate normal distribution, (ii) the numerical solution to the distribution of the index by means of permutation tests without any assumption about the data distribution and (iii) the bootstrap numerical solution to the percentiles of the index and the comparison to its assumed value for the null hypothesis without any assumption about the data distribution. New indices are proposed to be used with permutation tests and compared with previous ones from application to several data sets. Their advantages and draw-backs are discussed together with the adequacy of permutation tests and inadequacy of both bootstrap techniques and methods that rely on the assumption of multivariate normal distributions.

Keywords multivariate;permutation tests;principal components analysis;randomization;significance;stopping rules.


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