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Computational Ecology and Software, 2016, 6(2): 55-65
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Article

Fluctuating asymmetry in evaluating the developmental instability of Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton, 1822) from Lake Mainit, Surigao del Norte, Philippines

C.C.D.Joseph1, J.H. Jumawan1, B.J. Hernando1, L.Z. Boyles2, J.C. Jumawan1, J.P.B.Velasco1, C.C.Cabuga1, S.O.M.A. Abastillas1, E.A. Requieron2, M.A.J. Torres3
1Biology Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Caraga State University - Main Campus, Ampayon, Butuan City 8600, Philippines
2Science Department, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Mindanao States University  General Santos City Campus, 9500 Fatima, General Santos City, Philippines
3Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines

Received 23 February 2016;Accepted 23 March 2016;Published online 1 June 2016
IAEES

Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the status of Lake Mainit by using fluctuating asymmetry in the populations of Glossogobius giuris. A total of 200 G. giuris was collected with 100 per sex. All the samples were placed in a flat styrofoam for the pinning of its fins to make it wider and to clearly see the samples point of origin for the land-marking process. 10% Formalin was applied in all the fins of the fish samples to make it hardened using a small brush. Twenty (20) landmarks were used to analyze the body shape of the fish. Several studies proved that FA can be used to directly assess water quality and the overall status of the ecosystem. Using thin-plate spline (TPS) series, landmark analyses were obtained and subjected to Symmetry and Asymmetry in Geometric Data (SAGE) software. Results in Procrustes ANOVA showed that individual symmetry showed a highly significant difference (P = 0.00) as well as Sides (Directional Asymmetry) and Interaction (Fluctuating Asymmetry) in the study area. All the samples showed FA in both sexes. The results of Principal Component Scores displayed a higher percentage in female (69.2797%) than male (63.9214%) from Lake Mainit. Variations are almost found in all the body part of the goby in female and male gobies except for anterior insertion of second dorsal fin and superior margin of the preoperculum. Females have a higher fluctuating asymmetry than in males. Females spawn and males protect the eggs from any predators. In this case, females are more susceptible to stress because they have to forage in order to compensate the energy used up during spawning. Males are less susceptible because they usually stay on the nesting ground, and don't have to cover far distances in finding food. This study validates the use of FA in determining the status of the fishes caught connecting to what the status of the environment is based on the result.

Keywords environmental condition;bio indicators;morphological variations.


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