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Network Biology, 2023, 13(1): 17-36
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Article

Algebraic structures and distance based analysis of genetic code

Chandra Borah, Tazid Ali
Department of Mathematics, Dibrugarh University, Assam 786004, India

Received 26 November 2022;Accepted 18 December 2022;Published online 28 December 2022;Published 1 March 2023
IAEES

Abstract
This paper explores the genetic code's algebraic structures associated with the four mRNA (or DNA) bases A, G, C, and U. We have obtained quotient group structures of codons by considering the transition and substitution mutation. In these quotient group structures, cosets (codon members) explain intriguing interactions between the algebraic properties of codons and the physico-chemical properties (polarity, hydrophilicity, and hydrophobicity) of amino acids. Considering the evolutionary impacts of base locations in a codon, the base's hydrogen bond number, and the base's chemical form distinctions, we have generated a distance-based amino acids matrix. This matrix exhibits a fascinating association between distance measurements and amino acids' physico-chemical aspects. Also, we have obtained multiple amino acid graphs relating to this distance-giving matrix, which explores the evolutionary organization of amino acids.

Keywords genetic code;amino acid;quotient group;coset;distance matrix;graph.

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