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Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2012, 2(4): 204-222
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Article

Hybrid constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: A worldwide review

M.H. Sayadi 1, R. Kargar2, M.R. Doosti2, H. Salehi3
1Environmental Sciences Department, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
2Civil and Environmental engineering Department, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
3General Director of the Environment Department South Khorasan, Head Office Iran

Received 18 June 2012;Accepted 2 July 2012;Published online 1 December 2012
IAEES

Abstract
The utilization of environmentally friendly and eco-safe wastewater treatment plan is nowadays widespread. This study aimed to assess the potentiality of hybrid constructed wetlands for treating of landfill leachate, river polluted water, domestic, industrial, hospital, runoff and agricultural wastewaters in lab-scale, pilot-scale and full-scale with various configurations. The results revealed that the hybrid constructed wetlands are effective to remove organic matter (BOD5, COD) and suspended solid, while in terms of nutrient removal such as N and P components, the removal efficiencies were depending to system properties and operational condition. Additionally it is very useful system to remove the heavy metals and pharmaceuticals pollutants from different wastewaters. Combination of constructed wetlands enhances pollutants removal efficiency as hybrid constructed wetlands could cover the limitation of each single constructed wetlands. It could be concluded that the hybrid constructed wetlands ensure a more stable removal rate of pollutants from various wastewaters in comparison with other wastewaters treatment plans.

Keywords hybrid constructed wetlands;wastewater treatment;macrophytes;organic and inorganic pollutants.


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