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Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2021, 11(4): 159-187
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Article

Amphibian diversity, endemism and habitat associations within and outside the selected mining sites in Caraga Region, Philippines

Adam Roy V. Galolo1,2, Cesar G. Demayo2, Cinderella D. Raganas1, Sheryll L. Paz1
1Biology Department, Caraga State University, Ampayon, Butuan City, Philippines
2Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines

Received 14 June 2020;Accepted 20 July 2021;Published 1 December 2021
IAEES

Abstract
Being archipelagic, the Philippines has been recognized as one of the centers of high amphibian diversity and endemism. However, the overlap of mining areas with the habitats of these critical environmental indicators has continuously challenged their existence. Thus, we conducted a study assessing the diversity, endemism, habitat associations, and survival envelopes of amphibian species within and outside of the selected mining sites in Caraga region, Philippines. We have documented thirty-four amphibian species, 15 of which are endemic to the country with four solely distributed species in Mindanao Faunal Region. Eleven species were found vulnerable and one near-threatened based on the IUCN classification. Endemism and species diversity were observed to be higher outside than inside of the mining area. It is argued that these results could be attributed to the loss of habitat and forest fragmentation within the mined area. The observed anuran species prefer forest habitat than in an open/disturbed area; however, some of these forest-associates extend their survival envelope at the forest and non-forest area interface. Survival envelopes or niche widths of forest and globally threatened species are narrow, explaining why their populations decline worldwide. The presence of endemic and globally threatened species in the area is inkling for some conservation efforts to be in place, especially for populations with low abundance in the area, such as P. poecilus, L. parvus, N. spinosus and P. acutirostris.

Keywords aerosols;AOT;cloud;rainfall;northern Thailand.


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