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Selforganizology, 2014, 1(2): 51-61
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Article

Structure and dynamics of Lithocolletis ringoniella-Parasitoids food web in apple orchards of Shaanxi, China

Xin Li, YuYu Liu
College of Plant Protection, Northwest A and F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China

Received 3 April 2014;Accepted 5 May 2014;Published online 1 September 2014
IAEES

Abstract
The formation and evolution of food web is a self-organizing process. A food web, L. ringoniella-Parasitoids food web, was proposed in present study. With the apple pest Lithocolletis ringoniella as the basic host, four parasitoids, Apanteles theivorae, Sympiesis sericeicornis, Ageniaspis testaceipes, and Sympiesis Foerst are included in the food web. In this food web, A. theivorae and A. testaceipes are primary parasitoids of L. ringoniella. A. theivorae mainly parasitizes apodous larva of L. ringoniella while A. testaceipes only chooses L. ringoniella egg to parasitize (egg-larva endoparasitization). S. Foerst and S. sericeicornis are facultative hyper-parasitoids. They can parasitize not only the larvae and pupae of L. ringoniella, but also A. theivorae. S. sericeicornis can be hyper-parasitized by S. Foerst. The occurrence mechanism and population dynamics of L. ringoniella and parasitoids, and parasitization effect of parasitoids in apple orchards of Shaanxi, China, were described in detail.

Keywords food web;Lithocolletis ringoniella;Apanteles theivorae;Sympiesis sericeicornis;Ageniaspis testaceipes;Sympiesis Foerst;structure;apple;China.

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